Photo: J. J. 



NATURE'S CHEMISTRY 



Section through rind of orange, showing oil glands which produce the "oil 

 of orange." Fats and oils of a vegetable origin are obtained largely from fruits 

 and seeds. The fruit of the olive-tree contains about half its weight of oil, which 

 is used in packing sardines; in the seed of the flax plant there is over 30 per cent, 

 of oil linseed oil. It is one of the triumphs of modern chemistry to make arti- 

 ficial reproductions of natural oils, e.g. of oil of wintergreen; or to make an imi- 

 tation product, e.g. "oil of mirbane" for the natural oil of bitter almonds. 



THE MARVELLOUS PRODUCTS o/ COAL 



>-/ 



COAL 



TAR 



COKE 



AMMONIA NAPHTHA 



CREOSOTE ANTHRACENE PITCH 

 OIL 



BENZENE TOLUENE SOLVENT CARBOLIC NAPHTHA ANTHRACENE 



NAPHTHA ACID -LENE 



Coal as used for gas-making yields, in addition to gas, watery ammoniacal liquor and tar which pass over in a vaporous condition 

 and are condensed, leaving coke in the retorts. 



The coal tar is afterwards distilled and yields an average per ton of approximately 5 gallons ammoniacal liquor, 6 gallons crude 

 naphtha, 26 gallons light oil, 17 gallons creosote oil, 38 gallons anthracene oils, and 12 cwt. pitch left behind in the retorts. It is from 

 these primary distillates of coal tar that so many explosives, drugs, dyes, and disinfectants are produced. 



The pitch left in the retorts is equal to about 60 per cent, of the whole tar. which is said to contain in all some 200 different 

 compounds. Anthracene (see above) is used in the manufacture of aniline colours, which, used as dyes, are of great value in the textile 

 and other industries. From Kingzett's Chemical Dictionary. 



