UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANDREWS 

 FIVE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY 



MEMORIAL VOLUME 



OF 



SCIENTIFIC PAPERS 



Contributed by Members of the University 



EDITED BY 



WILLIAM CARMICHAEL M'INTOSH 



PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY 



JOHN EDWARD ALOYSIUS STEGGALL 



PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS 



JAMES COLQUHOUN IRVINE 



PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY 



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PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 

 MCMXI 



