90 XXV. RHAMNE.E. [Zizi/ph 



a prominent pilose line, but not keeled ; petals none ; anthers broad-ovate ; 

 disc pentagonous. Drupe globose or pyriform, J-J in. long, with a 

 1 -celled, 1 -seeded kernel, and a thin crustaceous shell. 



Burma, hills of Eastern Bengal, Behar and Sikkim, sub-Himalayan tract as 

 far as the Ganges, Oudh forests, Central Provinces, western side of the Peninsula, 

 and Ceylon. A straggling evergreen shrub, often climbing, occasionally a small 

 tree with a trunk 2 or 3 ft. in girth. Fl. Nov. -March ; the fruit ripens in April 

 and May. Bark exfoliating with flat quadrangular scales of dark brown or 

 blackish colour. The fruit is eaten, has a peculiar mawkish flavour ; the wood 

 is used as fuel, often attacked by insects. 



7. Z. xylopyra, Willd. ; Eoxb. Fl. Tnd. i. 611 j W. & A. Prodr. 162. 

 Syn. elliptica and Caracutta, Eoxb. 1. c. 610, 612. Yern. Katber, khat- 

 bor, beri, guti, ghotia, goti, gotti, ghuter, gotdha, kakoa, Jcakor, ghatul, 

 chettu, chittania, ghwet, sitaber. 



A large straggling shrub or small tree ; young branchlets, under side 

 of leaves, and inflorescence generally short- and softly tomentose. Stipular 

 prickles generally twin, one straight, the other hooked, recurved, strong, and 

 very sharp. Leaves on short petioles, oval or rhomboid, finely serrulate, from 

 an unequal-sided, often cordate base, with 3 or 4 main basal nerves, and pro- 

 minent lateral nerves, pale, softly tomentose beneath. Cymes axillary, 

 compact, on short peduncles, with numerous (occasionally tetramerous) 

 flowers ; pedicels shorter than main branches of cyme. Lobes of calyx 

 keeled near apex ; petals on long claws, hood-shaped. Ovary 3-celled ; 

 styles 3, short, distinct. Drupe usually globose, occasionally oblong, with 

 the remains of calyx marked as a prominent ring at base ; J-l in. long, 

 covered with a short, soft, grey tomentum, glabrous when old ; dry, almost 

 without fleshy pericarp ; putamen furrowed, 3-celled, 3-seeded, with a thick, 

 hard, osseous or ligneous shell. 



Common all over South India, in Kajputana, the Central Provinces, Bandel- 

 khand, and Behar ; also in the Oudh forests, and the sub-Himalayan tract as far 

 as the Ganges, ascending to 2000 ft. The old leaves are shed about Feb. or 

 March ; the new foliage issues in April and May ; the flowers appear about the 

 same time ; and the fruit ripens from Sept.-Feb. 



A large straggling shrub, and under favourable conditions a small tree to 15 

 ft. high. Often gregarious, covering considerable tracts with an impenetrable 

 thorny scrub. Bark of trunk and larger branches light or dark cinereous or 

 brownish black, surface smooth or cracked with thick, oblong, exfoliating 

 scales. Heart- and sap-wood not distinct, clean, whitish red when fresh-cut, 

 when dry yellowish white, orange or brownish, hard and tough, 60 lb. per 

 cub. ft., P = 800 (Skinner). Easily worked and durable, used for cart-building 

 and other purposes. Bark employed for tanning ; the young shoots, leaves, 

 and the fruit serve as fodder for cattle and goats. The fruit is not eatable 

 for man, but it is largely collected and sold to be used (after being charred) 

 in making a black dye for leather. The kernels are eaten. The wood makes 

 excellent torches. 



2. BERCHEMIA, Neck. 



Shrubs or woody climbers, unarmed, with foliaceous, often intra-axillary 



ho 



