224 XXXVI. COMBRETACE^E. [Terminalia . 



and furrowed, woody scales exfoliating. Sapwood large, heartwood with an 

 irregular outline, pale or dark brown, finely mottled, often with a yellowish or 

 greenish tinge, hard, close-grained, and heavy. Regarding weight and transverse 

 strength there is some uncertainty. Skinner gives the weight of the wood from 

 the Peninsula at 54 lb. per cub. ft., R. Thompson (wood from the Satpura) 

 at 63^. Pangah wood from Burma is said to weigh 58 lb. by Benson, 60 by 

 Skinner, and the result of my experiments in 1864 was 66.3. But in 1861, 

 when preparing a collection of woods for the Exhibition of 1862, I found the 

 Burma wood to weigh 53 lb. only. As there is no reason to believe that the 

 Pangah of Burma is a different species, the readiest explanation is, that the 

 weight of the wood varies within wide limits viz. between 53 and 66 lb. per 

 cub. ft. So much is certain, that it is heavier than the wood of T. bellerica. The 

 value of P. is given by Skinner (for South India wood) at 825, for Burma wood 

 at 1032, which agrees with the result obtained by Benson (1033). My experi- 

 ments with Burma wood (in 1864) gave 810, 1230, and 1230. Pangah wood has 

 numerous fine medullary rays, the annual rings are fairly distinct, the pores are 

 numerous in the inner (spring and summer) wood, and there is often a narrow 

 belt of outer (autumn) wood without pores. It takes a good polish, and is fairly 

 durable ; it is used for furniture, carts, agricultural implements, and house-build- 

 ing. The bark is employed for tanning and dyeing. Hollow rounded galls to 

 1 in. diam. are formed on the young twigs ; they are very astringent, used to 

 make writing-ink, in tanning, and in dyeing. The galls are called Halre-ke-phul 

 in the Dekkan, and Kadukai in Tamil. The dried fruit are the Black Myroba- 

 lans of commerce (Har, harra). The dried unripe fruit is called Bdlhar, 

 zangihar, kalehar (Moodeen Sheriff Suppl. to the Pharm. of India 242), and 

 many varieties of it are sold for tanning, dyeing, and as a medicine. 



3. T. Arjuna, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 28. Syn. T. Berryi and glabra, W. 

 & A. Prodr. 314; Pentaptera Arjuna and glabra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 438, 

 440. Sans. Arjuna, kakubha (Roxb.) Vern. Anjun, arjun, arjuna, 

 anjani, arjan, kahua, kaiva, koiva, kdha. {Arjuna sadra, Guzerat.) 



A large tree, with huge often buttressed trunk, smooth grey bark, and 

 drooping branchlets ; glabrous, inflorescence only slightly pubescent. 

 Leaves generally subopposite, hard, coriaceous, oblong, 5-8 in. long, on 

 short petioles, with 2 large, often cylindrical glands at the base of the leaf 

 or on petiole, glabrous on both sides, pale brown beneath ; main lateral 

 nerves arcuate, 10-15 on either side of midrib. Flowers, like those of 

 T. tomentosa, in cylindrical, pedunculate, terminal and axillary spikes, 

 generally congregated into short panicles. Fruit 1-1 J in. long, with 5-7 

 equal, brown, hard, coriaceous, thick, narrow wings, less than J in. wide, 

 indistinctly and irregularly marked with ascending cross-lines. 



Common on the banks of rivers, streams, and dry water-courses in Central 

 and South India and Bengal. Also in the Oudh forests. Farther west in the Si- 

 walik tract and the outer Himalayan valleys, only here and there (Garhwal, 

 Hardwar). In the Panjab it is cultivated (not indigenous), west to the Ravi. 

 Fine specimens near Kangra. Fl. April, May ; the fruit ripens in the cold 

 season. The tree is never quite leafless. 



Attains 80-100 ft., with a tall, large, but not regularly-shaped trunk, 40-50 

 ft. to the first branch, 10-20 ft. girth, with angular excrescences and huge but- 

 tresses. Crown handsome, close, large, oval ; branchlets drooping. Bark greenish 

 white, often green, or grey, slate-coloured or purplish, flaking off in large thin 

 layers, showing a fresh green surface. Sapwood whitish, heartwood dark brown, 



