264 XLV. KUBIACE.E. [Adina. 



green. Bark 1-2 in. thick, grey or brownish grey, rough, with many longitudinal 

 wrinkles and cracks, with a whitish pellicle on the smoothish persistent scales 

 between the cracks. Inner substance of bark reddish brown, streaked with 

 white, fibrous, laminated. Wood yellow, often changing when seasoning into a 

 reddish nut-brown colour, with white specks, compact and fine-grained. No 

 distinct heartwood. Skinner gives the weight of seasoned wood at 42 lb., 

 and this agrees well with the results of my experiments, 42 (1862), 43 (1864). 

 The extremes are 36.3 (Ptickle) and 49 (Cunningham). The value of P. is given 

 by Skinner at 664, which seems a likely average, and agrees well with Cunning- 

 ham's experiments. In 1864 I obtained a higher average as the mean of 9 

 experiments viz., 760, the extremes being 530 and 950. A valuable wood, for 

 it is fairly durable. R. Thompson states that logs of it lying for years in the 

 Kamaon forests were not touched by white ants or other insects, supposed to be 

 protected by a bitter substance in the wood. In South India it soon decays 

 when exposed to wet. Seasons well, works easily, takes a fine polish, and is 

 good for turning, but is somewhat apt to warp and crack. Employed exten- 

 sively in construction, for furniture, agricultural implements, opium -boxes, 

 writing-tablets, gun-stocks, combs. Canoes are scooped out of the trunk. 



To the same genus belongs Adina {Nauclea) sessilifolia of Burma {Thit- 

 payaung, Burm.) 



4. CINCHONA, Linn. 



Evergreen shrubs or trees, with opposite, petiolate leaves, and inter- 

 petiolar, deciduous stipules. Bark bitter. Elowers white red or purple, 

 odorous, in terminal panicles, with short, linear or subulate bracts, the 

 lower branches in the axils of leaves. Calyx-tube turbinate, pubescent, 

 limb 5-dentate, persistent. Corolla tubular, pubescent outside, with a 

 flat spreading 5-lobed limb j lobes valvate, edge fringed with soft hairs. 

 Stamens 5, inserted in the corolla-tube, with short or long filaments, anthers 

 linear, attached to the back near the base. Ovary 2-celled ; style slender, 

 with 2 short obtuse branches, papillose inside. Ovules numerous, attached 

 to linear placentas adnate to the dissepiment. Capsule ovoid, oblong 

 or cylindrical, 2-celled, 2-valved, dehiscing from the base septicidally. 

 Seeds numerous, peltate, testa broadly winged, with denticulate or irregu- 

 larly lacerated edge ; albumen fleshy, cotyledons ovate, radicle terete. 



This genus, though not indigenous in India, is of the greatest importance for 

 the wellbeing of its inhabitants, on account of the powerful medicinal qualities 

 which the bark of many of the species possesses. Their cultivation has been 

 attempted in Kangra, and on the Satpura range of Central India; some notice 

 therefore appears called for in this place. About 36 species are known, and 

 they are distributed over a narrow belt along the range of the Andes or Cordil- 

 leras of South America, at elevations between 2300 and 8000 ft., principally 

 along their eastern declivities, from lat. 19 south in Bolivia to lat. 10 north in 

 Venezuela. The bark of about 15 species has important medicinal value, and 

 most of these have been introduced into India since 1 860, mainly through the 

 labours of C. R. Markham, C.B., who was deputed to Peru in 1859 by the Sec- 

 retary of State for India, and was most successful in organising a regular supply 

 of plants and seeds of the different species. Mr Markham himself collected and 

 brought to the coast, in spite of great difficulties, large quantities of seeds and 

 plants of the Calisaya and other species from the Caravaya district in South 

 Peru. Mr R. Spruce sent seeds and plants of the C. succirubra (red bark). 

 Mr Cross collected seeds of C. officinalis and allied species in the province of 



