326 LIV. APOCYNEiE. [Holarrkena. 



8. HOLARRHENA, R. Brown. 



Shrubs or trees with opposite entire leaves. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, 

 with glands inside at their base. Corolla-tube cylindrical, more or less 

 swollen above its base round the anthers, lobes spreading, twisted to 

 the left before expansion. Corona wanting. Stamens included, inserted 

 below the middle of the tube. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united by the 

 style ; stigma oblong, not thickened ; ovules numerous. Fruit of 2 dis- 

 tinct long slender follicles. Seeds numerous, pendulous, with a tuft of 

 long hairs at the hilum ; radicle superior, shorter than the auriculate, 

 plaited and involute cotyledons ; albumen none. 



1. H. antidysenterica, Wall. Tab. XL. Syn. H. pubescens, Wall. 

 H. Codaga, G-. Don j Wight Ic. t. 1297. Echites antidysenterica, Eoxb. 

 Chonemorpha antidysenterica, G-. Don; Wight Ic. t. 439. Vern. Karra, 

 kaura, kora, kura, kuar, keor, kuer, kari, dhudi, dhodi. Local names : 

 Kogar, Mam, Pb. ; Kachri, Oudh ; Samoka marra, Gonds of Seoni ; 

 Ankria, Bheels of Banswara. (Seeds : Karwa (bitter) indarjau.) Let- 

 tauk, Burm. 



A small tree, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves 6-12 in. long, subsessile, 

 elliptic-oblong, short-acuminate, base obtuse; main lateral nerves 10-14 

 pair, joined by prominent transverse veins. Flowers white, inodorous, 

 1-1 J in. across, on slender pedicels, in sessile terminal corymbose cymes, 

 with small lanceolate, ciliate bracts. Corolla-tube slender, many times 

 longer than calyx, lobes nearly as long as tube. Follicles smooth, 8-15 

 in. long, -J- in. diam. Seeds narrow-oblong, J in. long, brown, bitter, 

 hairs silky, twice the length of seed. Var. a. glabra ; leaves glabrous 

 on both sides. Yar. (3. pubescens; leaves soft tomentose beneath. 



Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 3500 ft., and extending westward to the 

 Chenab. Oudh, Bengal, Central and South India. Banswara forests, but not 

 found in the more arid parts of Rajputana. Often associated with Sal, in 

 Burma in the Ein forest of Dipterocarpus tuberculaUis, Roxb. Old leaves 

 shed Feb., the new foliage appears April- May. Fl. April- June ; fruit ripe in 

 the cold season, generally bursting in March or April. 



Attains 20-30 ft., trunk short, straight, rigid and furrowed, 3-4 ft. girth. 

 Bark \ in. thick, brownish-grey or blackish, warty, with some longitudinal 

 cracks, and exfoliating in thick woody scales. Foliage bright pea-green. Wood 

 white, tinged with yellow or pink, even- fine- and smooth-grained, soft and 

 light, heartwood not distinct. Weight 37-38 lb. Value of P. 417 (Kyd), 562 

 (Skinner), 811 (Lettauk, Benson). Easy to work, carved into tobacco-boxes, 

 toys, combs, spoons, forks, and platters. In Assam, where the tree grows to a 

 larger size, furniture is made of it. The bark (conessi, formerly an article of 

 trade), leaves, fruit, and seeds, are used medicinally (Pharm. Ind. 137) ; the 

 flowers are gathered for ornaments at marriages, and the leaves are employed as 

 fodder or litter. 



9. ICHNOCARPUS, R. Brown. 



Climbers with opposite leaves. Calyx 5-cleft, with small glands inside 

 at the base of the lobes. Corolla hypocrateriform, without appendices ; 

 lobes hairy inside, convolute in bud. Fruit of 2 distinct, many-seeded, 

 slender follicles. Seeds not rostrate, with a tuft of hair at the hilum 





