Santalum.] LXVI. SANTALACEjE. 399 



Indigenous in the drier districts of the peninsula, particularly in Mysore, 

 extending south to the Madura district and north to Kolapur ; also on the 

 hills of the Coromandel coast. Timor and East Java. Grown in gardens in the 

 Dekkan, Bengal, Central India, Guzerat, Kajputana, as far north as Saharan- 

 pur. PI. March- July, also at other seasons. Attains 20 ft. and a girth of 3 ft., 

 with slender drooping branchlets, and light foliage. Is mainly spread through 

 the agency of birds, and springs up abundantly in hedges and in the midst of 

 shrubs. 



The sapwood is white and scentless, the heartwood yellowish-brown and 

 strongly scented ; weight 55 lb. (Fowke), 58 lb. (Skinner) ; value of P., 878 

 (Fowke), 874 (Skinner). The heartwood is used as incense and perfume, and 

 for carving. It is an important article of trade in India, and largely exported 

 to China and Arabia, where it is mainly used as incense. In Madras, the wood 

 has been found admirably suited for engraving, nearly as good as boxwood, 

 though not quite so hard. Sandalwood oil is distilled from the wood. 



Plantations of Sandalwood have been established in Mysore and in the Madras 

 Presidency. The climatic conditions under which it seems to thrive best are : 

 a rainfall between 20 and 50 inches ; and the following limits of temperature 

 during the different seasons cold season 70-80, hot season 80-90, rainy sea- 

 son 70-80, autumn 70-80. The heartwood of the tree grown in North India 

 has a slight scent. 



The export of Sandalwood from India to China is very old. Other species of 

 Santalum, which likewise yield fragrant Sandalwood, grow on the islands of the 

 Pacific. About 1778 the export of Sandalwood from the Sandwich Islands to 

 China commenced on a large scale. An interesting sketch of the history of the 

 Polynesian Sandalwood trade is given in Seemann's Flora Vitiensis, p. 212. 



2. OSYRIS, Linn. 



Trees or shrubs, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves. Flowers her- 

 maphrodite or unisexual. Perianth of male fl. slender, of hermaphrodite 

 fl. obconical, 3-4-lobed above. Stamens 3-4. Central placenta of ovary 

 very short, ovuliferous at the apex. Fruit drupaceous. Seed solitary, 

 with copious albumen. 



1. 0. arborea, Wall. Syn. 0. Wight iana, Wall. ; Wight Ic. t. 1853 

 (sometimes called 0. nepalensis). Vera. Bakardkarra, bakarja, Kamaon 

 (Jameson Catalogue, 200) ; Popli, Belgaum. 



A twiggy glabrous shrub ; branchlets 3-sided, with prominent sharp 

 angles. Leaves coriaceous, obovate or elliptic-oblong, 1-1 J in. long, mu- 

 cronate, subsessile or narrowed into a short marginate petiole; male 

 flowers 5-10, on short pedicels, in axillary, pedunculate clusters, often 

 arranged in racemose panicles. Bisexual flowers solitary, axillary on long 

 slender pedicels. Drupe subglobose, glabrous, J in. long, red when ripe. 



Himalaya, ascending to 7000 ft., Simla, Kamaon, Nepal, Bhutan, mountains 

 of South India, Western Ghats. Fl. Dec. -April. Specimens collected by R. 

 Thompson in the Central Provinces (in fruit) are pubescent all over, also peri- 

 anth and drupe ; the leaves are smaller, elliptic-oblong, perhaps a new species. 

 Similarly pubescent specimens are in Herb. Kew, collected by Dr Stocks (in 

 Sindh?) 



