432 LXVII. URTICACEiE. [Ulmus. 



the Gonda and Baraich forests of Oudh, and in the Banda district, not uncom- 

 mon in the Satpura range. Behar, South India, Ceylon, Burma. Often planted 

 in North and Central India. Prefers a dry, sandy or shingly soil. The leaves 

 are shed between Sept. and Jan., the fresh leaves appear in March and April, 

 soon after the flowers, which come out in Feb.-March. The fruit ripens June- 

 Aug., and remains long on the tree. A fast-growing tree, attains 60-70 ft., with 

 a tall straight stem, 20-30 ft. clear, and 6-8 ft. girth, with short buttresses, fur- 

 rowed and scooped out higher up. Bark thick, pale- or dark-grey or light-brown, 

 with small tubercles in lines, and longitudinally rugose, not cut up by cracks or 

 furrows, smelling unpleasantly when bruised. Wood yellow or light-brown, 

 soft and open-grained, light but strong. Medullary rays very fine, pores moder- 

 ate-sized, uniformly distributed, annual rings distinct. No distinct heartwood. 

 Employed in building, for carts, carving, durability uncertain. Much used for 

 fuel and charcoal. The leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder, and the tree is often 

 used to stack fodder for winter supply. 



2. U. Wallichiana, Planch. Tab. LI. DC. Prodr. xvii. 158. In 

 Herb. "Wall, as U. erosa, Both, and U. effusa, Willd. Vern. Kdin, Mai, 

 bren, brera, bran, brdnkul, brori, amrdi, marari, mardl, marrun, marran, 

 marazh, mafoshari. manderung, malduny, shko, Jcummdr, Pb. ; Himbareh, 

 Kullu, Cleghorn ; Moved, pabuna, chambar maya, N.W.P. 



A large deciduous tree, branchlets with rough pubescence. Leaves 4-8 

 in. long, elliptic, long-acuminate, main lateral nerves 15-20 pair, each ter- 

 minating in a large serrature, the outer edge of which is serrulate, petiole 

 \ in. long ; stipules membranous caducous. Flowers bisexual, fasciculate, 

 in short lateral racemes, common peduncle pubescent, 1 in. long, pedicels 

 fasciculate, 3-6 from one point, the portion below the articulation pubes- 

 cent, much shorter than the upper glabrous portion. Perianth persistent, 

 turbinate, glabrous, segments 5, obtuse, ciliate. Samara short -stipitate, 

 obovate, pubescent, seed about the middle, wing reticulate. The indu- 

 mentum of the leaves varies exceedingly, in some specimens the leaves 

 are soft-pubescent or tomentose on both sides, in others they are rough, 

 in others again they are glabrous above, and pubescent or rough beneath. 

 Dr Stewart referred this sp. to U. campestris. 



Not uncommon in the North-West Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal at 

 3500 to 10,000 ft., often planted, also cultivated at Kabul. Fl. early in spring, 

 while the tree is leafless ; the fruit ripens May-June. Attains 80-90 ft., trunk 

 erect, often of immense size, tapering from abroad base, 12-16 ft. girth, in culti- 

 vated and protected trees to 24 ft. Old stems mostly hollow. The branches 

 are erect at times, which gives the tree a poplar-like appearance. Bark whitish, 

 light- or dark-grey, or dark brown, very rough, with long diagonal cracks, cut- 

 ting the outer bark into diamond-shaped exfoliating scales. Wood brown, not 

 much valued in the Himalaya. The bark is tough and very strong ; cordage, 

 sandals, and slow-matches are made of it. The leaves are lopped extensively for 

 cattle-fodder. 



3. U. effusa, Willd.; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 1337, t. 666. Syn. 

 U. pedunculata, Fougeroux; DC. Prodr. xvii. 154. 



A large tree, trunk often buttressed at the base, ffowers drooping on long 

 slender pedicels, in lateral fascicles on the previous year's wood. Samara 



