Ulmus.] LXVIL URTICACE,E. 433 



fringed at the edge with long hairs, on long slender pedicels, the lower 

 portion below the articulation, 3-5 times the length of the upper portion. 



Eastern Europe. Flowers in spring before the leaves. Wood not much 

 valued. Specimens very similar to this found by T. Thomson in Kashmir at 

 5000 ft. (April 1848, at Ganderbal) are in the Kew herbarium, but flowers and 

 young fruit are subsessile. 



4. U. montana, Sm. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 334 j Eeichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 

 1332, t. Q62. Wych or Mountain Elm. Bergriister, Germ. 



A large forest tree, with lax foliage and drooping branchlets, bark peel- 

 ing off in linear or oblong scales. Leaves rough, ovate-oblong, long-acumi- 

 nate, 3-6 in. long, base very unequal-sided. Flowers subsessile in lateral 

 clusters on the previous year's wood. Seed in the centre of the samara. 



Indigenous in Scotland, the north of England, Norway (to 65 N.L.), and in 

 other parts of North Europe. Flowers in spring before the leaves. Not rarely 

 mixed with Beech in the forests of France and Germany. Japan and North- 

 Eastern Asia, not in Siberia. Wood highly prized, on the Harz it fetches a higher 

 price than Oak. On a horizontal section the spring wood appears as a continuous 

 belt of large pores, the outer parts of each annual ring having much smaller 

 pores in narrow w T avy concentric bands. On a vertical section the large pores of 

 the spring wood are very prominent, and the medullary rays appear as straight 

 horizontal bands with parallel sides. 



5. U. campestris, Spach ; Willk. Forstl. Fl. 476 ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 334 ; 

 Eeichenb, Fl. Germ. 1331, t. 661. Common Elm. Feldrilster, ulme, 

 Germ. ; Or me, Fr. ; Olmo, It. 



A large tree with stiff, often brittle branches, bark dark, nearly black, 

 with deep longitudinal furrows, often corky, especially along the branches 

 (U. suberosa, Ehrh.) Leaves rough, 2-3 in. long, base often nearly equal. 

 Flowers subsessile, in lateral clusters on the previous year's wood. Seed 

 above the centre of the samara. 



Indigenous in Central and South Europe, naturalised, not indigenous in Eng- 

 land, commonly planted in parks and avenues. North Asia, Turkestan, North 

 China, Japan, Syria, Armenia, Caucasus, and probably Afghanistan. Flowers 

 in spring before the leaves. In France the wood of this species is valued higher 

 than that of U. montana for cart and machine building, and for many other 

 purposes ; but it requires long and careful seasoning (Mathieu, Fl. For. 207). 

 In England the branches of this elm are exceedingly brittle. The structure of 

 the wood resembles U. montana. Weight 35-55 lb. 



To U. campestris I am inclined to refer (with Dr Cleghorn, Pb. Forests, 79) 

 the small-leaved elm of the N.W. Himalaya. Leaves 2-3 in. long, base nearly 

 equal-sided, glabrous, or slightly rough or pubescent, flowers and fruit unknown. 

 Not common, and generally near villages, in the N.W. Himalaya, on the upper 

 Jhelam, Chenab, Bias, Sutlej, and Indus, and in the Nubra valley, ascend- 

 ing to 10,500 ft. Vern. Yumbok, Ladak ; Bran, brahmi, Tcai, morun, maral, 

 mauru, mannu, mandu, mamji, meru, merinu, b/mmni, Pb. ; chipal, in the Pb. 

 plains. Some of the specimens resemble U. pumila, Linn., a small shrub of 

 Siberia, with subsessile fasciculate flowers and glabrous campanulate perianth, 

 which, however, Maximowicz considers as merely a variety of U. campestris, L. 

 (Diagnoses plant, nov. Jap. Decas xiii. 22). In the inner Himalaya, it is gener- 

 ally found as a small shrub along the river-beds, but it is often planted near vil- 

 lages, and is then a middle-sized tree, with thick trunk, attaining a girth of 20- 



2 E 



