Carpinus.] LXXII. CUPULIFER^E. 493 



midrib close to one side, which is entire, forming the basis of the triangle, 

 the other two sides coarsely dentate. 



On the Bias between 4000 and 5500 ft., on the Sutlej at 6000, in Garhwal, 

 Kamaon at 7000 ft. Nepal and Bhutan. Bark dark brown, smooth, lightly 

 wrinkled. Fl. March, April ; fr. July, Aug. 



Two species of Carpinus are in Europe. 1. C. Betulus, L. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 

 345, the Hornbeam Charme, Fr. ; Hambuche, German, with duplicate-serrate 

 leaves, 3-lobed involucral bracts, the middle lobe longer ; a moderate- sized slow- 

 growing tree, with great powers of reproduction. Coppices vigorously, and 

 makes useful pollards on dry grass-land. Is not injured by frost, and is often 

 seen in Germany fringing the edges of the Beech-forest along the bottom of val- 

 leys, where the Beech would suffer. The wood is white, heavy (39-51 lb., 

 Nordlinger), and is marked by numerous medullary rays, which on a vertical 

 section are 3-4 in. high. Great^heating power, yields a better fuel than even 

 the Beech. Used mainly as fuel ; tool-handles, the teeth of cog-wheels, and 

 screws of wood are made of it. Central and Eastern Europe, very common in 

 Northern and Eastern France, indigenous in the South of England, and of Swe- 

 den. Western Asia as far east as Asterabad, south of the Caspian. In Central 

 Europe commonly associated with the Beech. 



2. C. duinensis, Scop. Syn. C. orientalis, Lam. ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ, 

 t. 634. A small tree or large shrub, with (generally) small duplicate-serrate 

 leaves and ovate 6-8-nerved involucral bracts. Italy, Dalmatia, Hungary, 

 Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Persia, and Turkestan. 



Ostrya carpinifolia, Scop. Syn. 0. vulgaris, Willd. ; Reichenb. Fl. Germ, 

 t. 635 the Hop Hornbeam, is a moderate-sized tree, with leaves similar to 

 those of the Hornbeam, from which it is distinguished by the involucral bracts, 

 forming a membranous oval bag enclosing the fruit. Central and Eastern 

 Mediterranean region, not in Spain, and in France only near Nice, and on 

 the coast a little farther west. Forests of it in Greece. Asia Minor, Armenia. 



4. CORYLUS, Tonrn. 



Deciduous shrubs or small trees ; buds closed, scales imbricate ; branch- 

 lets and petioles generally with glandular hairs. Male flowers in drooping 

 cylindrical hairy catkins, catkins fasciculate, or 2-3 on a common ped- 

 uncle, perianth none, stamens 4, attached to the inside of a broad scale, to 

 the edges of which are attached two smaller scales ; anther-cells distinct, 

 with a tuft of hairs at the tip, on short, often partially connate fila- 

 ments, appearing sometimes as 8 stamens with 1 -celled anthers. Female 

 flowers in small sessile ovoid lateral bud-like spikes, with imbricate scale- 

 like bracts, the flowers in pairs in the axils of the upper bracts, each 

 flower enclosed by two or more minute scales (involucre) cleft into numer- 

 ous narrow lobes. Limb of perianth minutely toothed. Ovary 2-celled, 1 

 ovule in each cell ; styles 2. Fruit usually clustered, each consisting of a 

 hard usually 1 -seeded nut, enclosed in the enlarged involucre (scales), which 

 forms a leafy entire or 2-leaved sheath, mouth lobed, lobes sometimes spin- 

 escent. The oily cotyledons of the germinating seed remain underground. 



Leaves ovate-oblong ; lohes of involucre spinescent ; stamens 4, 



anthers 2-celled, cells distinct, parallel . . . . 1. C.ferox. 



Leaves obovate ; lobes of involucre not spinescent j stamens 8, 



anthers 1-celled 2. C. Colurna. 



