498 LXXIV. JUGLANDE^E. [Juglans. 



be mentioned, a. tenera, shell of nut thin, fragile. (3. beloudclristana, 

 leaflets 2 pair, entire, the terminal leaflet 8-10 in. long. Beluchistan 

 near Quetta (a few trees only, Stocks), y. kamaonia, petiole rusty-tomen- 

 tose, leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire, 6-9 in. long, fruit pubescent, shell 

 of nut thick and very hard. Kamaon and Jaunsar (cultivated, and wild 

 on the head- waters of the Dharaghad, June 1873, D.B.) 



Wild in many forests of the North-West Himalaya and in Sikkim ; also, 

 according to the generally received opinion, in trans-Caucasia and probably in 

 Armenia. C. Koch, however (Dendrologie, i. 584), states that the tree is not 

 wild in either of these countries or in Asia Minor, and suggests that its home may 

 possibly be found in Central Asia. Cultivated in Afghanistan, Beluchistan, on 

 the hilis in the trans- Indus territory, at 5000-6000 ft. near villages ; abundantly 

 in Kashmir, in the North-West Himalaya between 3500 and 10,000 ft., both in 

 the outer ranges and in the inner arid tract, in Nepal, Sikkim, and the Kasia 

 hills. In Kunawar its upper limits are Spui on the right and Namgia on the 

 left bank, and in Nubra it is cultivated up to nearly 11,000 ft. Grown and 

 bears fruit in gardens in Peshawar, grows but does not bear fruit in Calcutta. 

 Commonly cultivated in Europe and Western Asia. In Western Europe the 

 Walnut is grown nearly to 58 N.L. in Boss-shire, but only in sheltered places. 

 Near Edinburgh the tree grows with vigour, but ripens its fruit only in the finest 

 and hottest summers (Selby, British Forest Trees, 44). On the east side of Europe 

 it is found to 52. It was known to the ancients, and Pliny states that it was 

 brought from Persia (A. De Candolle, Geographie Bot. 393, 968). Leafless in win- 

 ter, the new foliage comes out from Feb. to April, according to elevation, and the 

 flowers appear about the same time. The fruit ripens July-Sept. Attains, under 

 favourable circumstances, 80-100 ft. and a girth of 10-15, and not rarely of 20 ft. 

 Instances of large trees are : 22 ft. girth at Sali on the Chenab at 8200 ft. ; 28 

 ft. Kullu, Stewart ; 17 ft. and 100 ft. high, Tutwa forest, Dharaghad, Jaunsar, 

 D.B. Old trunks are often buttressed. In Ladak the trees have short trunks 

 not exceeding 7-8 ft. girth, with a low rounded crown. Bark ^ in. thick, silvery 

 or dark grey, sometimes mixed with reddish brown. Sap wood greyish white. 

 Heartwood brown or greyish brown, often veined with darker shades, darker 

 near the centre. Weight, 40-48 lb. (Europe). Medullary rays short, moderately 

 broad, numerous. Pores equal in size and uniformly distributed, solitary or in 

 radial groups of 2-4, annual rings distinct ; besides the annual rings, numerous 

 minute concentric lines. The heartwood is very durable, works well and does 

 not warp or split ; it is a beautiful furniture- wood and polishes well ; the prin- 

 cipal use is for gun-stocks. It is also used for turning, and in Kashmir much 

 of the lacquered ware is made of it. The bark is largely exported to the plains, 

 and sold, under the name of dandasa, to clean the teeth and strengthen the 

 gums. It is also used (on the Bias) as a dye-stuff and in native medicine. The 

 twigs and leaves are used as winter fodder, which, with hay, is often stored on 

 the large boughs of the tree. On the Sutlej it is said that trees which are 

 lopped for fodder will continue yielding fruit, provided they get rest every 

 fourth year. The nut, however, is the most important product of the tree ; 

 that of the wild tree has a thick, extremely hard shell with a small kernel, 

 which is rarely eaten : the cultivated varieties are numerous, one much valued 

 in Kashmir is called kaghazi (paper-shelled). Where the tree is most commonly 

 cultivated, in Kashmir, Pangi, and Kunawar, Walnuts form an important article 

 of food. They are also exported largely to the plains, to Bengal, and the rest 

 of India. Oil is made of them in Europe and in India. , The outer covering of 

 the fruit is employed as a dye in Kashmir ; in Europe it is used for tanning, as 

 well as the bark of the tree. The tree produces fruit at an early age. On the 



