506 LXXVI. CONIFERS. [Pinus. 



A two-leaved Pine is described under the name of P. Royleana, Jameson 

 (Report upon the Bot. Gardens of the N.W. Provinces, 1854, p. 43, and Journ. 

 Hort. Soc. 1855, 52). The cones, of which a number are in the Kew Museum, 

 are ovoid-conical, 2 in. long, the ends of the scales with a sharp hook similar to 

 the cones of some varieties of P. sylvestris. The leaves (which I have not seen) 

 are described as 2 in a sheath, 2-2 in. long, stiff and light glaucous green, 

 sheaths short and partially persistent. Seeds very small with a broadish wing, 

 rather more than ^ in. long. Cotyledons 6. Jameson states that it was discovered 

 in 1850 by the Garden Seed Collectors on the Gosainthan mountain in Nepal, 

 at an elev. of 10,000 ft. above the sea. Seeds were sent to England, from which 

 plants were raised in the Hort. Soc. Garden in 1853, but this is all that is 

 known regarding this doubtful species, which Parlatore doubtfully suggests 

 might be P. Kasya (DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 390), but it evidently is closely allied 

 to P. sylvestris. Another doubtful species, classed by Parlatore under the 

 2-leaved Pines, is P. persica, Strangways (Loudon's Gardeners' Magazine, 1839, 

 p. 130), shape of the cone said to be like that of P. Pinea, seeds large, with 

 gibbous wings. Under this name a 2-leaved Pine is cultivated at Kew, be- 

 lieved to be P. halepensis. Parlatore describes it with cylindric obtuse cones, 

 and the leaves in threes and fours. 



1. P. longifolia, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 651 ; Cleghorn, Pines of the N.W. 

 Himalaya, t. 3 ; Eoyle 111. t. 85. Sans. Sarala. Vera. Nakhtar (shautai, 

 splinters of wood), Afg. ; Chil, chir, drab chir, Pb. ; Saral, Jaunsar ; Chir, 

 salla, sapin (straight tree), kolon, kolan, kolain, kallon, Garhw., Kamaon; 

 Tliansa, Eoyle, N.W. Him. ; Dhup, Oudh. In Sikkim called Gniet-kung 

 by the Lepchas, and Teadong by the Bhotias. 



A large tree with symmetrical branches high up on the trunk, forming a 

 rounded head of light foliage. Bark rough, cut into polygonal plates by deep 

 dark-coloured furrows. Leaves in clusters of three, 9-12 in. long, some- 

 times longer, slender, inner face keeled, so as to be nearly triquetrous, with 

 a rounded convex back. Sheath persistent, greyish brown, of numerous 

 closely imbricate bracts, fimbriate at the edges with long fibres. Cones 

 on short stiff stalks, spreading or recurved, solitary or in whorls of 3-5, 

 ovoid- conical, 4-7 in. long, 3 in. diam. above the base. Scales 1J-2 in. 

 long, f in. broad, and J in. thick at the top, the apex (apophysis) forming 

 a spreading or recurved obtuse pyramidal beak, with 4-6 more or less dis- 

 tinct rounded faces. Seeds with a thin membranous wing J-l in. long, 

 obtuse, oblanceolate and unequal-sided. Cotyledons 12 on the average 

 (Madden). 



Afghanistan, cultivated at Kandahar, 3500 ft. Kafiristan at 6000 ft. Eastern 

 slopes of the Suliman range, where Dr Stewart, in 1860, supposed its lower limit to 

 be over 9000 ft., Pb. PI. 226. Abundant in the Siwalik tract and outer Himalaya 

 from the Indus to Bhutan, generally between 1500 and 6000 ft. elevation, occa- 

 sionally ascending higher, to 7500 ft. in Kamaon. The lower and upper limits of 

 this tree in the different parts of the Himalaya, under different circumstances, are 

 by no means well known. In the Panjab, north of the Sutlej, 1800 ft. is gene- 

 rally regarded as the lowest, and 5000 ft. as the upper limit ; at Simla the tree 

 grows as high as 7000 ft., and this is generally its upper limit in Kamaon. In 

 Sikkim and Bhutan it does not rise beyond 3000 or 4000 ft. In the Sutlej 

 valley this Pine skirts, in open forests, the trees standing far apart, the lower 

 slopes of the hills on both sides of the Sutlej river as far as the Wangtu bridge, 

 where it reaches its upper limit in the valley. Cultivated in the plains of North- 



