Pinus.] LXXVI. CONIFERS. 515 



and this is continued until the flat scar or cut {carre) is 10-12 ft. high. This is 

 generally accomplished at the end of 5 years, and then the old scar is abandoned, 

 and a fresh scar is opened at the opposite side of the tree, and when this has 

 been completed, a third and at last a fourth scar are opened. In this manner a 

 tree can be worked for resin during a considerable period, the old scars healing 

 over by the formation of fresh bark, while fresh scars are opened, often on the 

 place of an old scar. This procedure, when only one scar at a time is worked, 

 is called " gemmage a vie." But when a tree is to be cut, then numerous scars 

 are opened and worked simultaneously, and this is styled " gemmage a mort" 

 In the same manner, when young trees are to be thinned out, they are tapped at 

 a much earlier age, and as much resin got out of them as possible. As the scars 

 advance in height the pots are raised also, and in order to get up to them the 

 workmen carry a short pole with notches, which serves as a ladder. Fire in 

 summer is the great risk in forests worked for resin, and in order to prevent its 

 spread, broad fire-paths are cleared throughout the forests. P. Pinaster has 

 been cultivated on a considerable scale in the sand-dunes near Boulogne ; it 

 was introduced into England as early as 1596, and there are splendid speci- 

 mens in Windsor Park (Belvidere), Fulham, and elsewhere. An attempt has 

 also been made to plant it on the sands of the Madras coast, but a tropical cli- 

 mate is not apparently adapted to the requirements of this tree. The tree grows 

 with great rapidity while young, and in South- West France often forms two 

 whorls of branches in one season. It has powerful descending and spreading 

 roots, and is thus peculiarly adapted for fixing loose movable sands. 



5. P. halepensis, Mill.; Christ in Flora, 1863, p. 370 ; Lambert, Pinus, ed. 1832, 

 t. 7 ; Keichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 526. Syn. (the Greek tree) P. maritima, 

 Lamb. 1. c. t. 6 ; Sibthorp Fl. Grseca, t. 949. Pin d'Alep, Fr. A moderate-sized 

 tree, sometimes shrubby, with light foliage, of a light-green or bluish-green 

 colour, and a rounded crown. Bark on branches and young stems smooth, 

 shining, silver grey, on older stems dark coloured, furrowed. Leaves slender, 

 2-4 in. long, grey or bluish green, remaining two, often only little more than one 

 year on the branches, hence the thin foliage ; sheaths in. long, whitish, mem- 

 branous. Cones on peduncles ^ in. long, recurved, solitary or 2-3 together, lan- 

 ceolate, 2-4 in. long, reddish brown, and mostly shining when mature, the ends 

 of scales rhomboid, flat or convex, with or without a distinct transverse keel. 

 Mediterranean region, from Portugal and North Africa to Syria and Arabia. 

 Taurus in Asia Minor, where it forms extensive pure forests. Ascends in 

 Spain to 3000, and on the Taurus to 3500 ft. Fl. April, May ; the cones 

 require two years to ripen, and do not shed their seeds until July and Aug. of 

 the third year. Hardy in the south of England. Might be tried in the plains 

 of the Panjab. In Provence, where this pine is common in the vicinity of the 

 sea, it is tapped for resin, but is less productive than P. Pinaster. In Greece 

 the tree (nevKos, modern Greek) is abundant, forming extensive but irregular 

 and open forests on the stony and rocky hills of Attica, Megara, around the 

 Gulf of Lepanto, on the islands of the Archipelago, and in the Morea, ascend- 

 ing to 3000 ft. on Hymettus and Pentelicus. The wood is used for building, 

 and the tree is largely tapped for resin ; pieces of the resinous wood are used 

 as torches, and the bark is employed for tanning. Link, after having seen the 

 Greek tree in Attica, in 1838, maintained it under the name of P. maritima, 

 Lamb., as distinct from P. Jialepensis, distinguishing it mainly by the (light) 

 green colour of the foliage, which is generally more grey or glaucous in the tree 

 of Italy and France (Linnaea, xv. (1841) 495). He added, however, that these 

 2 species were difficult to distinguish. Christ (Flora, 1863, 371) shows that the 

 forms from Greece, Italy, and France vary exceedingly in the end of the scales 

 (apophysis), and equally so in the other characters, and that no fixed distinction 



