Cupressus.] LXXVI. CONIFERS. 535 



Callitris quadrivalvis, Vent. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 452. Syn. Thuja articu- 

 lata, Vahl is a small tree of Western North Africa, where, according to Mathieu,. 

 it covers large areas either alone (Fl. For. 355), or mixed with Pinus hale- 

 pensis, Phillyrea, and other evergreens, and is remarkable on account of 

 the compact heavy and very fragrant heartwood, which has a rich brown 

 colour, and takes a most beautiful polish. The tree coppices readily, and the 

 forest-fires, which are lighted by the Arab herdsmen (as they are by the pastoral 

 population of India), frequently kill the stem to the ground, when abun- 

 dant shoots spring up from the root, which attains a great age, and often a 

 considerable size. These masses of root have a beautifully mottled grain ; ex- 

 quisite ornaments and small articles of furniture are made of them, and veneers 

 for the most elegant cabinet-work. This wood was one of those called Ke'Spoy, 

 citrus (see p. 56), was highly prized by the Romans, and fabulous prices were 

 paid for tables made of it. The branchlets are green, articulate, and bear at 

 the base of each joint 4 minute decussate scale-like leaves. The fruit is ^ in. 

 diam., four-sided, consisting of 4 valvate scales, and containing 6 winged seeds. 

 The tree exudes a strongly-scented resin (Gum Sandarach). 



6. JTTNIPERTTS, Linn. 



Evergreen trees or shrubs, with distinct, generally red-coloured heart- 

 wood. Leaves either all linear or subulate, erect or spreading, in whorls 

 of three or dimorphous, viz., on the first shoots of seedlings, and on 

 luxuriant shoots, subulate and spreading, and on the other branches scale- 

 like, opposite, generally decussate, and imbricate. Flowers monoicous or 

 dioicous, terminal or axillary. Male catkins small, cylindrical or ovoid ; 

 scales whorled, imbricate, bearing each at its base 3-6 anther-cells. Fruit 

 ripening the second year, fleshy, subglobose, consisting of 3-6 connate 

 carpellary scales (the lower sterile), the tips of which are often visible on 

 the surface of the ripe fruit. Seeds 1-3, with coriaceous testa embedded 

 in the resinous pulp of the berry (galbulus). 



All leaves whorled, erect or spreading, linear, pungent j catkins 



axillary . . . . . . . . . 1. /. communis. 



All leaves whorled, subulate, pungent, the upper adpressed, 

 imbricate ; male catkins terminal ; female catkins at the 



ends of short lateral branchlets 2. /. recurva. 



Leaves dimorphous, those on the great mass of branches scale- 

 like, decussate, adpressed and imbricate, on others subu- 

 late, pungent, erect or spreading. 

 Foliage bushy ; branchlets four-sided ; the scale-like leaves 

 oblong, more or less keeled at the back, apex not closely 

 adpressed; berries ovoid, subacute, 1 -seeded. (A shrub 

 in the N.W. Himalaya, in Sikkim a tree) . . . 3. /. Wallichiana. 

 Foliage light and open ; branchlets spreading, indistinctly 

 four-sided ; the scale-like leaves ovate, convex, closely 

 adpressed, with a large resinous gland on the back ; 

 berries globose, very resinous, 2-5-seeded. (A tree in 

 the N.W. Himalaya) 4. J. excelsa. 



1. J. communis, Linn, j Hook. Stud. Fl. 348 ; Eeichenb. Ic. FL 

 Germ. t. 535. Juniper. Genevrier, Fr. ; Wachholder, Germ. Vera. Nuch, 

 pama, pethra, bentha, betar, Kashmir, Chamba, and Kullu ; Lang shier, 

 thelu, lewar, Kunawar; Chiini, shupa, Piti. 



