XI PHASMIDAE 277 



epoch by analogous types differing in the nature of the organs 

 of flight : these ancient Insects were of larger size than their 

 descendants, being 25 to 50 centimetres long, and as much as 

 70 in spread of wing. To this group are referred, on somewhat 

 too inferential grounds, the fossil wings found in the Carbon- 

 iferous layers, and called by Goldenberg Bictyoneura. 



We reproduce from Zittel's handbook a figure (Fig. 163) of 

 one of these gigantic Insects, and add an attempt at a restora- 

 tion of the same after the fashion of Scudder (Fig. 164). From 

 these figures it will be seen that the relation to our existing 

 Phasmidae must at best have been very remote.^ It will be 

 noted that the larger of the two figures is on a ^ scale. 



The classification of Phasmidae was left in a very involved 

 state by Stal, but has recently been brought into a more satis- 

 factory condition by Brunner von Wattenwyl. We give a trans- 

 lation of his table of the tribal characters : 



1. Tibiae beneatli carinate to the apex, without an apical area. 



2. Antennae much lonc^^er than the front femora, many jointed, the 

 joints being above 30 in number and only distinct at the base and 

 towards the apex.- 



3. Median [true first abdominal] segment much shorter than the 

 metanotum.^ The species all apterous. 



4. The anal segment of the mules roof-like, more or less 

 bilobate. The female has a suj^ra-anal lamina. The 

 species inhabit the Old World. Tribe .1. Lonchodides 

 (Fig. 148, Lonchodes nematodes.) 

 4'. The anal segment of the males arched, straight behind. 

 No supra-anal lamina in the female. The species are 

 American. Tribe 2. Bacunculides. 

 3'. Median segment as long as, or longer than the metanotum. 

 Species with the male or both sexes winged. 

 4. Females apterous or rarely possessed of short wings.^ 

 Males winged. Femora dentate beneath, or lobed, or at 

 least armed with one tooth. Species occur both in 

 America and in the Old World. Tribe 3. Bacteriides. 

 (Fig. 162, Fnlojjhus centaurus.) 



^ In his recent Insedes fossilcs des temps primaires, pp. 373 and 39B, M. 

 Brongniart has himself removed this Insect to Protodonates. We shall again men- 

 tion it when discussing that group. 



- jBactridimn, thoiigh placed in this tribe, has only short antennae, of 20 joints. 



^ Bostra and Clonistria, belonging to Bacunculides, have the median segment 

 almost as long as the metanotum. 



^ The American genei'a Pterinoxrjlus, Haplopus, and Candaulcs, as well as the 

 African Palophus, possess winged females. 



