PANORPIDAE HEMEROBIIDAE 



453 



Boreus and Bittacus were also observed by Brauer ; tbey are 

 essentially similar to those of Panoiya, but the larva in Boreus is 

 not provided with abdominal prolegs. The Panorpidae have 

 been separated from the other Neuroptera by certain naturalists 

 as a distinct Order, called Panorpatae by Brauer, Mecaptera by 

 Packard; but in their structure as w^ell as in their metamorphoses 

 they are not so distinct from the Phryganeidae and the Hemero- 

 biidae as to justify this step. 



Fossil forms of Bittacus and of Panoiya have been found in 

 amber and in the Tertiary strata, and Scudder has described some 

 forms from Florissant in which there are no cross- veinlets in the 

 wings. Some remains from the English Lias have been referred 

 to Panorpidae by Westwood under the name OrtliopJilehia, but it 

 is by no means certain that they really belong to the family. 



Fam. X. Hemerobiidae Ant-lions, Lacewing-flies, etc. 



Head vertical ; maxillae free, ivitli five-jointed ^:a/pi ;' lahial palpi 

 tliree-jointed. Wings suhequal in size, tvith much reticula- 

 tion, without anal area. Tarsi five-jointed. Metamorphosis 

 great ; the larvae with mandihles and maxillae coadapted to 

 form spea7'-like organs that are suctorial in function. Pupa, 

 similar in general form to the imago, enclosed in a cocoon. 



Fig. 2 



-Drepanepteryx phalaeiioides. Scotland. 



The Hemerobiidae are an extremely varied assemblage of 

 Keuroptera ; the perfect Insects of the various sub-families are 

 very different in appearance, but the family as a whole is 

 naturally defined by the very peculiar structure of the mouth- 

 oroans of the larvae. These Insects have, in fact, a suctorial 



