Table 1. Morphological or structural adaptations of plants for growing 

 in permanently or periodically flooded or saturated soils. 



Adaptations 



Buttressed (swollen) 

 Tree Trunk 



Multiple Trunks 

 Pneumataphores 



Adventitious Roots 

 (arising from stem above 

 ground) 



Shallow Roots (often 

 exposed to ground surface) 



Hypertrophied Lenticels 



Aerenchyma (air-filled 

 tissue) in Roots & Stems 



Polymorphic Leaves 

 Floating Leaves- 



Examples of Plants Possessing Adaptation 



Bald Cypress {Taxodium distichum), Black Gum 

 (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora), Green Ash {Fraxinus pennsylvan- 

 /ca var. subintegerima), Water Gum {Nyssa aquatica), and- 

 Ogechee Tupelo {Nyssa ogechee) 



Red I\/1aple {Acer rub rum), Silver maple {Acer saccharinum), 

 Swamp Privet {Forestiera acuminata), and Ogechee Tupelo 



Bald Cypress, Water Gum, and Black Mangrove {Rhizophora 

 mangle) 



Box Elder {Acer negundo). Sycamore {Platanus 

 occidentalis). Pin Oak {Quercus palustris). 

 Black Willow {Salix nigra), Green Ash, Alligatorweed {Alter- 

 nanthera philoxeroides), Water Primroses {Ludwigia spp.), 

 Water Gum, Eastern Cottonwood {Populus deltoides), and Wil- 

 lows (Sa//x spp.) 



Red Maple and Laurel Oak {Quercus laurifolia) 



Red Maple, Silver Maple, Willows, Black Mangrove, Water Lo- 

 cust {Gleditsia aquatica), and Sweet Gale {Myrica gale) 



Eastern Bur-reed {Sparganium americanum), 

 Soft Rush {Juncus effusus), Soft-stemmed Bulrush {Scirpus 

 validus). Water Shield {Brasenia schreberi), Umbrella Sedges 

 (Cyperus spp.), other Rushes (Juncus spp.). Spike-rushes 

 {Eleocharis spp.). Twig-rush {Cladium mariscoides), Buckbean 

 {Menyanthes trifoliata). Giant Bur-reed {Sparganium eurycar- 

 pum), and Cattails {Typha spp.) 



Arrowheads {Sagittaria spp.) and Water Parsnip {Slum suave) 



Water Shield, Spatterdock Lily {Nuphar luteum), and White 

 Water Lily {Nymphaea ado rata) 



Sources: Environmental Laboratory (1987) and Tiner (1988). 



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