234 



BIOLOGICAL LECTURES. 



cytoplasm. Whether the individual consists of a uninucleate 

 cell, a multinucleate cell, or a system of cells, the cytoplasm 

 forms a continuous whole." 



And in another paragraph he says : " They (the protoplas- 

 mic connections) do not appear to be, like the nerve fibers, 

 alloplasmatic organs adapted for special purposes, but strands 

 of normal cytoplasm which connect the cytoplasm of neighbor- 

 ing cells. Their significance is probably to be explained as 





FIG. i. A small part of the blastula of the starfish, showing the intercellular connections 

 (after Andrews). 



follows : All activities and material changes in that part of the 

 multicellular system (the individual) which we designate as a 

 protoplast have a direct effect upon the constitution of these 

 protoplasmic processes, and the alterations which occur in the 

 organization of these exercise, in their turn, a direct influence 

 upon the activity of the neighboring cells." 



Hammar's observations upon sea-urchin eggs ('96) were made 



