354 UNGULATA 



to C. cegagrus. (9) C. u-alie, an apparently well - characterised 

 species from the highest ranges of Abyssinia. (10) C. fakoncri ; 

 the Markhoor differs from all the preceding species by the spiral 

 twisting of its horns, which attain enormous dimensions. It occurs 

 in the Pir - Panjal range south of Kashmir, and thence into 

 Afghanistan and the Suleiman range, and northwards to Astor, 

 Gilgit, and Scardo (Baltistan). The specimens from the Suleiman 

 range have the spiral of the horns very close, somewhat as in the 

 Eland ; while in those from Astor, Gilgit, and Scardo it is very open, 

 as in the Kudu. The Pir-Panjal race occupies a somewhat inter- 

 mediate position in this respect. (11) C. jemlaica, the Thar, 

 inhabits suitable regions along the whole range of the Himalaya 

 from Kashmir to Bhutan. Together with the next species, it 

 differs from the more typical Goats in its short, thick, and much 

 compressed horns, the anterior border of which is keeled, and the 

 moist naked muffle. There are no glands in the fore feet. It was 

 generically separated by Gray as Hemitragus. (12) C. hylocnus, 

 the so-called Ibex of the Nilgherries, Anamallays, and other adjoin- 

 ing ranges of Southern India, is an outlying species, apparently 

 allied to the preceding, but with somewhat different horns, in 

 which the external angle in front is much rounded off. 



Of fossil Goats we have but little knowledge. Remains of 

 C. pyrenaica are found in cave-deposits at Gibraltar ; and it is not 

 improbable that the genus is represented in the Upper Pliocene of 

 France. Several species occur in the Pliocene of India, C. sivalensis 

 being apparently closely allied to C. jemlaica, while another has 

 horns resembling those of C. falconeri, and it is possible that a 

 third may be more nearly related to the Ibexes. 



Ovis. 1 Horns curving backwards and downwards in a bold 

 sweep, with the tips everted, generally with more or less prominent 

 transverse ridges, and brownish in colour. Suborbital gland and 

 lachrymal fossa usually present, but generally small. Foot-glands 

 in all the feet. Chin not bearded ; 2 males without a strong odour. 

 Vertebrse : C 7, D 1 3, L 6, S 4, C 1 0-1 4. Some twelve species, 

 mainly Palsearctic, but extending into the adjacent portions of the 

 Oriental region, and with one outlying species in North America. 



The more typical Sheep are closely connected with the Goats by 

 the Himalayan Bharal (0. nahura) and the Aoudad (0. tragelaphus) of 

 Northern Africa, both these species having no suborbital gland and 

 no lachrymal fossa, while their comparatively smooth and olive- 

 coloured horns show a decided approximation to those of the 

 Goats. Both present, however, the ovine character of glands in 

 all the feet. In the typical Sheep the basioccipital of the skull 

 is wider in front than behind, with the anterior pair of tubercles 



1 Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 97 (1766). 

 2 There may be a beard on the throat, as in 0. cycloceros. 



