648 



CHIROPTERA 



absent, and the caudate is generally very large ; but in the Micro- 

 chiroptera, on the other hand, the Spigelian lobe is very large, while 

 the caudate is small, in most species forming a ridge only. The 

 gall-bladder is generally well developed and attached to the right 

 central lobe, except in the Ehinolophidce, where it is connected with 

 the left central. 



In most species the hyoids are simple, consisting of a chain of 

 slender, elongated, cylindrical bones connecting the small basi-hyoid 

 with the cranium, while the pharynx is short, the larynx shallow 



with feebly de- 

 veloped vocal 

 cords, and 

 guarded by a 

 short, acutely- 

 pointed epiglot- 

 tis, which in 

 some genera 

 (Harpyia, Vam- 

 pyrus) is almost 

 obsolete. In 

 Epomophorus, 

 however, we 

 find a remark- 

 able departure 

 from the general 

 type. Thus 

 the pharynx is 

 long and very 

 capacious ; the 



Pio. 299. Head and neck of Epotnophorns franqueti (adult male, aperture OI tne 



natural size). The anterior (a.ph.s) and posterior (p.ph.s) pharyngeal larynx is far re- 

 sacs are opened from without, the dotted lines indicating the points j p 

 where they communicate with the pharynx ; s, thin membranous septum 



in middle line between the anterior pharyngeal sacs of opposite sides ; the faUCCS, and, 



s.m., aterno-mastoid muscle separating the anterior from the posterior opposite to it 

 sac. (Dobson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881.) 



opens a canal, 



leading from the narial chambers, and extending along the back 

 of the pharynx ; the laryngeal cavity is spacious and its walls are 

 ossified ; the hyoid bone is quite unconnected, except by muscle, 

 with the cranium ; the ceratohyals and epihyals are cartilaginous 

 and greatly expanded, entering into the formation of the walls of 

 the pharynx, and in the males of three species at least, supporting 

 the orifices of a large pair of air -sacs communicating with the 

 pharynx (Fig. 299). 



In extent, peculiar modifications, and sensitiveness the cutaneous 

 system reaches its highest development in this order. As a sensory 

 organ its chief modifications in connection with the external ear 



