700 PRIM A TES 



to allude to all the members of the first four families as Apes, in 

 contradistinction to Man. In respect to relative size the extremes 

 are found in the Gorilla on the one hand and Hapale on the other; 

 the difference in this respect between these two forms being greater 

 than that between Man and a Squirrel. The relative proportions 

 between the limbs and the body, and also between the fore and 

 hind limbs, are subject to great variation. Thus in Hylobates and 

 A teles both pairs of limbs are much elongated; in the former case 

 the pectoral being much longer than the pelvic pair (Fig. 335). 

 In other cases, as in the Orang (Fig. 354), while the arms are very 

 long, the legs are short ; but in the subfamily Cereopithecinas both 

 pairs are short and subequal. Only in the Hapalidce and some of 

 the Cebidce are the legs proportionately as long as in Man. 



The tail is as much as three times the length of the body in 

 Ateles ; while in the Simiidce it is totally absent. In the majority 

 of genera it is long in all the species ; but in some cases, as in 

 Macacus, it may be either long, short, or absent in the different 

 species of a single genus. 



Equally marked variations occur in the shape of the head. 

 Thus in Ateles it is rounded ; while in the Orang it is elevated 

 vertically ; in Chrysothrix it is produced posteriorly ; and in the 

 Baboons (Cynocephalus) it is characterised by the great production 

 of the muzzle and the terminal position of the nostrils, whereby a 

 characteristic Dog-like form is assumed. The eyes are always 

 directed forwards, and are never more separated from one another 

 than in Man, although, as in Chrysothrix, they may be closer 

 together. They are of very large size in Nyctipithecus, while in the 

 Baboons they are relatively small in proportion to the size of the 

 head. The ears are invariably well developed, and are usually 

 pointed at their postero-superior angle. Those of man are charac- 

 terised by the soft depending portion known as the "lobule," of 

 which there is a rudiment in the Gorilla. In the majority of Apes 

 the nose is but very slightly prominent ; but it attains an extra- 

 ordinary development in Nasalis larvatus, and is scarcely less 

 remarkable in Semnopithecus roxellance (Fig. 349). Among the 

 Gibbons the Hoolock has a distinctly aquiline nose. The nostrils 

 are terminal in the true Baboons ; and while in all the Old World 

 Apes they are approximated, in those of the New World they are 

 separated by a broad septum. With the exception of the Orang, 

 the lips of the Apes are thin. 



The pollex makes a nearer approach in form to the human 

 thumb in the Chimpanzee than in any other Ape. Man differs 

 from all the Apes in having the hallux frequently longer instead of 

 shorter than the other digits of the foot. The hallux of the Orang 

 is peculiar in having no nail, but in other cases the nail is flat ; the 

 nails of the other digits of the Apes are never quite flat, and in 



