;o8 PRIMATES 



Man. In Hylobates and the lower Apes, however, the left carotid 

 artery may take its origin from the innominate artery. 



In regard to their distribution in time the earliest record that 

 we as yet have of the occurrence of Apes is in the Middle Miocene 

 of Europe, where forms are met with apparently so closely allied to 

 some of the higher existing types that it is evident we must look 

 much farther back before we can get any clue to the origin of the 

 suborder. Since all the known fossil Old World Apes are referable 

 to the Simiidce or Cercopithecidce, and no representatives of these 

 families have been obtained from the Tertiaries of America, it would 

 appear that the distinction of the Apes of the Old World from 

 those of the New is of very old standing. 



At the present day Apes are mainly confined to tropical and 

 subtropical regions. In the Old World Macacus inuus is found as 

 far north as Gibraltar, M. tibetanus and Semnopithecus roxellance 

 inhabit western Tibet, while in Japan we have M. speciosus. In the 

 New World one species of Ateles is known to occur as far north as 

 latitude 19 in Southern Mexico, and may range a few degrees 

 higher. To the southward species are found near the Cape, in 

 Timor, and the Malay Archipelago ; while in America they range 

 in Brazil and Paraguay to about latitude 30. The Tibetan species 

 are found at a very high elevation; and in the outer Himalaya the 

 Langurs (Semnopithecus) may be seen in winter and spring leaping 

 from bough to bough of snow-covered pines. 



Apes are very abundant in the Ethiopian and Oriental regions, 

 as well as in that part of America which extends from Panama to 

 Southern Brazil. Ceylon, Borneo, Sumatra, and Java may be 

 mentioned as islands where Ape-life attains great development ; but 

 they are unknown in Madagascar and the West Indian Islands, and 

 of course in the Australasian region. 



We have already alluded to the circumstance that while the 

 Simiidce and Cercopithecidce are exclusively confined to the Old World, 

 the Cebidce and Hapalidce are equally restricted to the New, and we 

 may accordingly proceed to notice a few points in relation to generic 

 distribution. Of the larger Simiidce the Gorilla and Chimpanzee 

 are confined to Equatorial Africa, and the Orang to Malayana ; but 

 there is evidence of the former existence of a species of Chimpanzee 

 (Anthropopithecus) and not improbably of an Orang (Simia) in Northern 

 India. The Gibbons (Hylobates) are now exclusively Oriental. 

 Europe has only Macacus inuus of Gibraltar, also found in Africa 

 north of the Sahara, and therefore strictly Palsearctic in distribu- 

 tion. The Ethiopian region includes in the Cercopithecidce the genus 

 Colobus (the African analogue of Semnopithecus), Cercopithecus, and 

 the Baboons (Cynocephalus, etc.) The Baboons range, however, into 

 Arabia and Syria, and also existed during the Pliocene epoch in 

 Northern India. Semnopithecus and Macacus are very characteristic 



