HOMINIDJE 745 



in each of its members, that the group as a whole must be 

 characterised. 



Bearing these principles in mind, we may endeavour to formu- 

 late, as far as they have as yet been worked out, the distinctive 

 features of the typical members of each of the three great divisions, 

 and then show into what subordinate groups each of them seems to 

 be divided. 



We begin with the Ethiopian, Negroid, or Melanian, or " black " 

 type. It is characterised by a dark, often nearly black, complexion ; 

 black hair, of a kind called " frizzly " or, incorrectly, " woolly," i.e. 

 each hair is closely rolled up on itself, a condition always associated 

 with a more or less flattened or elliptical transverse section ; a 

 moderate or scanty development of beard ; an almost invariably 

 dolichocephalic skull ; small and moderately retreating jugal bones 

 (mesopic face) ; a very broad and flat nose, platyrhine in the 

 skeleton ; moderate or low orbits ; prominent eyes ; thick, everted 

 lips ; prognathous jaws ; large teeth (macrodont) ; a narrow pelvis 

 (index in the male 90 to 100); a long forearm (humero-radial 

 index 80); and certain other proportions of the body and limbs 

 which are being gradually worked out and reduced to numerical 

 expression as material for so doing accumulates. 



The most characteristic examples of the second great type, the 

 Mongolian or Xanthous, or " yellow," have a yellow or brownish 

 complexion ; black coarse straight hair, without any tendency to curl, 

 and nearly round in section, on all other parts of the surface except 

 the scalp scanty and late in appearing ; a skull of variable form, 

 mostly mesocephalic (though extremes both of dolichocephalism and 

 brachycephalism are found in certain groups of this type) ; a broad 

 and flat face, with prominent, anteriorly -projecting jugal bones 

 (platyopic face) ; nose small, mesorhine or leptorhine ; orbits high 

 and round, with very little development of glabella or supraciliary 

 ridges ; eyes sunken, and with the aperture between the lids narrow ; 

 in the most typical members of the group with a vertical fold of 

 skin over the inner canthus, and with the outer angle slightly 

 elevated ; jaws mesognathous ; teeth of moderate size (mesodont). 

 The proportions of the limbs and form of the pelvis have yet to be 

 worked out, the results at present obtained showing great diversity 

 among different individuals of what appear to be well-marked races 

 of the group, but this is perhaps due to the insufficient number of 

 individuals as yet examined with accuracy. 



The last type, which, for want of a better name, we must still 

 call by the misleading one that has the priority, Caucasian, or 

 " white," has usually a light-complexioned skin (although in some, in 

 so far aberrant cases, it is as dark as in the Negroes) ; hair fair or 

 black, soft, straight, or wavy, in section intermediate between the 

 flattened and cylindrical form ; beard fully developed ; form of 



