746 PRIMATES 



cranium variable, mostly mesocephalic ; jugal bones retreating ; face 

 narrow and projecting in the middle line (pro-opic); orbits moderate; 

 nose narrow and prominent (leptorhine) ; jaws orthognathous ; teeth 

 small (microdont) ; pelvis broad (pelvic index of male 80) ; forearm 

 short, relatively to humerus (humero-radial index 74). 



In endeavouring to subdivide into minor groups the numerous 

 and variously-modified individuals which cluster around one or 

 other of these great types a process quite necessary for many 

 practical or descriptive purposes the distinctions afforded by the 

 study of physical characters are often so slight that it becomes 

 necessary to take other considerations into account, among which 

 geographical distribution and language hold an important place. 



I. The Ethiopian or Negroid races may be primarily arranged as 

 follows : 



A. African or Typical Negroes. Inhabitants of all the central 

 portion of the African continent, from the Atlantic on the west to 

 the Indian Ocean on the east, greatly mixed all along their 

 northern frontier with Hamitic and Semitic Melanochroi, a mixture 

 which, taking place in various proportions and under varied con- 

 ditions, has given rise to many of the numerous races and tribes 

 inhabiting the Sudan. 



A branch of the African Negroes are the Bantu distinguished 

 chiefly, if not entirely, by the structure of their language. Physic- 

 ally indistinguishable from the other negroes with whom they come in 

 contact in the Equatorial regions of Africa, the Southern Bantu, or 

 Kaffirs, as they are generally called, show a marked modification of 

 type, being lighter in colour, having a larger cranial capacity, less 

 marked prognathism, and smaller teeth. Some of these changes 

 are probably due to crossing with other races. 



B. The Negrillos diminutive sub-brachycephalic tribes, inhabit- 

 ing the dense forests of Central and Western Equatorial Africa 

 represent a distinct section of the Negro race. They form the 

 only exceptions to the general dolichocephaly of the African branch 

 of the Negroid division, and when found in a pure state are the 

 smallest of all known human races, averaging scarcely more than 

 4 feet in height. The colour of their skin is yellowish rather than 

 black. 



C. The Bushmen (Bosjesmen, men of the woods, of the Dutch 

 colonists of South Africa) constitute a very distinct modification of 

 the Negro type. The hair shows the extreme of the frizzly 

 character ; being shorter and less abundant than that of the 

 ordinary Negro, it has the appearance of growing in separate tufts, 

 which coil up together into rounded balls compared to " pepper- 

 corns." In their yellow complexion, wide cheek-bones, and 

 peculiar form of the eyes they so much resemble some of the 



