HOMINID& 747 



Mongolian races that anthropologists have been inclined to trace 

 affinities to or admixture with them, although the character of the 

 hair makes such a supposition almost inadmissible. The width of 

 the cheek-bones and the narrowness of the forehead and chin give 

 a lozenge shape to the front view of the face. The forehead is 

 prominent and straight ; the nose extremely flat and broad, more 

 so than in any other race ; the lips prominent and thick, although 

 the jaws are less prognathous than in the true Negro races. The 

 cranium has many special characters by which it can be easily 

 distinguished from that of any other race. The average height of 

 the males is about 4 feet 8 inches. There is every reason to 

 believe that the Bushmen represent the earliest race of which we 

 have any knowledge inhabiting the southern part of the African 

 continent, but that long before the advent of Europeans upon the 

 scene they had been invaded from the north by Negro tribes, who, 

 being superior in size, strength, and civilisation, had taken posses- 

 sion of the greater part of their territories, and, mingling freely 

 with the aborigines, had produced the mixed race called Hottentots, 

 who retained the culture and settled pastoral habits of the Negroes, 

 with many of the physical features of the Bushmen. These in 

 their turn, encroached upon by the Kaffirs from the north and by 

 Europeans from the south, are now greatly diminished, and 

 threatened with the same fate which will surely soon befall the 

 scanty remnant of the early inhabitants who still retain their 

 primitive type. 



D. Oceanic Negroes or Melanesians. These include the Papuans 

 of New Guinea and the majority of the inhabitants of the islands of 

 the Western Pacific, and form also a substratum of the population, 

 greatly mixed with other races, of regions extending far beyond 

 the present centre of their area of distribution. 



They are represented, in what may be called a hypertypical 

 form, by the extremely dolichocephalic Kai Colos, or mountaineers 

 of the interior of the Fiji Islands, although the coast population of 

 the same group has lost the distinctive characters by crossing. In 

 many parts of New Guinea and the great chain of islands extending 

 eastwards and southwards ending with New Caledonia they are 

 found in a more or less pure condition, especially in the interior and 

 more inaccessible portions of the islands, almost each of which 

 shows special modifications of the type recognisable in details of 

 structure. Taken altogether, their chief physical distinction from 

 the African Negroes lies in the fact that the glabella and supra- 

 orbital ridges are generally well developed in the males, whereas in 

 Africans this region is usually smooth and flat. The nose also, 

 especially in the northern part of their geographical range, New 

 Guinea, and the neighbouring islands, is narrower (often mesorhine) 

 and prominent. The cranium is generally higher and narrower. 



