LECT. in RAISING PLANTS, CROPS, AND TREES 53 



in precisely the same way, which is known as bottle 

 grafting. 



Layering. Nearly all kinds of trees and shrubs, 

 also many plants, will root if young branches or shoots 

 are bent down, notched or tongued, and pegged in 

 moist soil. Fruit trees can be raised in that way if 

 needed^ also grape vines, as well as various kinds of 

 evergreens and flowering shrubs, such as rhododen- 

 drons, roses, and many others. Amongst flowers 

 carnations are commonly increased by layers ; but 

 others with procumbent stems may be increased in 

 the same way in summer, trees and shrubs generally 

 . being layered in the autumn. The small illustration 

 (Fig. 11) will make the matter clear to the inexperi- 

 enced. 



FIG. 11. LAYERING TREES AND PLANTS. 



Fertilisation. We now turn for a few moments 

 to the interesting subject alluded to at the commence- 

 ment of this lecture, for describing briefly the process 

 of fertilisation, or crossing, to obtain new varieties of 

 flowers, fruit, or vegetables. 



It may be said at the outset that perfectly double 

 flowers do not produce seed, and cannot be made to do 

 so, because the essential floral organs, pistil and 



