196 HOUSE, GARDEN, AND FIELD 



wind-swept places the aspen-poplar slopes regularly away 

 from the wind, and the side-branches which spring from 

 the upper side of the trunk are larger than those which 

 spring from the opposite side. 



(2) Black-poplars. Leaves quivering ; buds and young 

 shoots sticky ; bark fissured. The Lombardy poplar runs 

 up to a great height, and its branches ascend instead of 

 growing outwards ; hence the familiar fox-tail shape of 

 this tree. 



(3) Balsam-poplars. Leaf -stalks cylindrical throughout ; 

 leaves not quivering ; buds and young shoots sticky. 



Willows (Family of Catkin-bearers). We have many 

 willows, which differ much in stature and in leaf -form. 

 Some are big, much-branched trees ; others are small 

 trees, others upright shrubs, while a few are prostrate 

 shrubs, found only at considerable heights on mountains. 

 The tall and spreading species are the crack willow and 

 the white willow. Pollard- willows are mostly white willows, 

 which have been lopped at 8 ft. or so above the ground, 

 and thus caused to send out a crown of young shoots. 

 The sallow is a common hedge-tree, conspicuous in early 

 spring by its many golden catkins. The osier is often 

 cultivated for the sake of its pliant withs. The bay 

 willow is a small tree, usually planted, and most frequent 

 in hilly districts. All willows are dioecious, with com- 

 pletely separated flowers ; they may bear either catkins 

 or spikes of seed-bearing capsules, but not both. Leaves 

 very various, often long, narrow, pointed and sessile 

 (without leaf-stalks) ; in the bay willow and the sallow 

 they are stalked and rather broad ; they are silky beneath 

 in the sallow and osier ; silky on both sides in young 

 leaves of the white willow, the hairs of the upper surface 

 being cast early. Buds set spirally, smooth, apparently 

 protected by a single bud-scale, really by two scales joined 

 together. Old bark fissured in most, rarely flaking. 



Beech (Family of Cupule-bearers, with cupuled fruits). 

 Branches often running out to a great length as slender, 



