642 



CAMELLIA 



CAMPANULA 



C. axillaris, Roxbg.=Gordonia anomala. C. cuspidata, 

 Hort.=Thea cuspidata. C. drupifera. Lour. Shrub, to 8 ft.: Ivs. 

 elliptic, long-acuminate: fls. \ l /i in. wide, fragrant, white, petals 

 obovate. Himalayas, India. L.B.C. 19:1815. C. euryoides, Lindl. 

 =Thea euryoides. C. euryoides, Hort.=Thea maliflora. C. hong- 

 kongensis. Seem. (Thea hongkongensis, Pierre). Tree with glabrous 

 branches: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, indistinctly serrate, 

 lustrous above, coriaceous, 31 in. long: fls. red, 2 in. across; petals 

 slightly emarginate; ovary pubescent. Hongkong. Trans. Linn. 

 Soc. 22:60. C. maliflora, Lindl.=Thea maliflora. C. rosifldra, 

 Hook.=Thea maliflora. C. sinensis, Kuntze=Thea sinensis. C. 

 spectabilis, Champ.=Tutcheria spectabilis. C. Thea, Link=Thea 



Binensis - ALFRED REHDER. 



CAMOENSIA (Louis Camoens, Portugese poet). 

 Leguminosse. Two species of climbing shrubs from W. 

 Trop. Afr., with digitately 3-foliolate Ivs., and large 

 papilionaceous fls. Calyx top-shaped; petals with long 

 claws, the standard orbicular or nearly so; stamens 

 free; ovary stipitate, with many ovules, the stigma small 

 and capitate: fr. a broad-linear flattened 2-valved pod. 

 C. maxima, Welw., has recently been offered by an 

 English firm. Described by Baker as "a magnificent 

 species" and by Bull as "one of the most gorgeously 

 beautiful of tropical climbers:" Ifts. pbovate-oblong, 

 5-6 in. long, cuspidate: fls. milk-white tinged with 

 gold and frilled on the edges of the petals, in short- 

 stalked 6-8-fld. axillary racemes; standard projecting 

 4 in. beyond the calyx, 3-4 in. broad; other petals 

 shorter and not more than 1 in. broad: pod 6-8 in. 

 long. Trans. Linn. Soc. 25:36. B.M. 7572. G.C. III. 

 20:597. L. H. B. 



CAMPANULA (Latin, little bell, from the shape of 

 the corolla in some species). Campanuldceae. BELL- 

 FLOWER. HAREBELL. BLUEBELL. A large group of 

 attractively flowering herbs, containing some of the 

 most popular garden plants, especially of hardy her- 

 baceous perennials. 



Annual, biennial or perennial, mostly the last, often 

 small and tufted: root-lvs. usually larger than the st.- 

 lys., and often of different shape and more or less tran- 

 sitory: fls. blue, violet or white, sometimes yellow; 

 calyx 5-fid; corolla 5-lobed or 5-fid; stamens 5, free; 

 filaments wide at the base, membranaceous; stigmas 3 

 or 5, filiform: caps. 3-5-valved, dehiscing on the sides 

 or (as in Fig. 762) at the base by 3-5 small valves; 

 seeds ovate, complanate or ovoid. Probably 250 

 species, nearly all in the northern hemisphere with the 

 center of distribution in the Medit. region; about a 

 dozen species are N. American. The species mostly 

 inhabit swamps or moist ground, or alpine and boreal 

 regions. Allied genera of garden 

 value are Adenophora, Jasione, 

 Lightfootia, Michauxia, Ostrowskia, 

 Phyteuma, Platycodon, Specularia, 

 Symphyandra, Trachelium, and 

 Wahlenbergia, in which genera 

 many species originally described 

 as campanulas may be sought. Of 

 these, perhaps the two best known 

 cases are Platycodon grandiflorum, 

 the "balloon flower," with its 

 characteristic inflated buds, dark 

 green, glossy, leathery Ivs.; and 

 Specularia Speculum (C. Speculum), 

 "Venus' looking-glass," a pretty 

 annual, which grows in the grain fields of S. Eu., and 

 is cult, for its violet fls. with a white eye. The calyx- 

 tube of Specularia is relatively much longer than in 

 any campanula. The most prominent campanulas now 

 in cult, seem to be the forms of C. Medium, C. carpat- 

 ica, C. persicifolia, C. pyramidalis, C. punctata, C. 

 pusilla (csespitosa), C. rotundifolia. 



Botanically, campanulas fall into two important 

 groups, based on the presence or absence of calyx 

 appendages. The subgenus Medium has the appen- 

 dages, and Eucodon lacks them. These appendages are 

 often small and disguised. The genus may also be 



762. Capsule of 

 Campanula with 

 basal dehiscence. 



thrown into two broad groups based on the dehiscence, 

 the subgenus Medium with capsule opening near 

 the base, and Rapunculus with the openings near the 

 top. For the horticulturist, the most serviceable classi- 

 fication is based on the use that he makes of the plants, 

 whether as a garden vegetable, as border plants, or as 

 rock-garden or alpine subjects; and this is the division 

 attempted here. In cultivation, campanulas tend to 

 become taller and more robust, less hairy, more 

 branched, and more floriferous. Blue is the prevailing 

 color in the genus. A very few have white or yellowish 

 flowers, with no blue or violet forms. Any blue or 

 violet-flowered form is likely to have white varieties, 

 and double and semi-double forms are common in 

 three or four of the most popular species. All flowers 

 tend to become larger and more numerous on a stem. 

 In cultivation, the three-celled species are likely to 

 have five stigmas instead of three, and five-celled cap- 

 sules, often along with normally constructed flowers 

 on the same plant. The height is the most variable 

 feature of all, and in the scheme below C. carpatica, C. 

 punctata and forms of C. glomerata especially will seem 

 wrongly placed to many. But the characters used by 

 botanists are well-nigh useless to the gardener, and 

 nothing but a distinction of height can bring out 

 the two important cultural groups of campanulas. 

 For a recent garden monography of dwarf campanulas, 

 see Correvon, "The Garden," 59 (1901) pp. 276, 450; 

 60, pp. 51, 64, 111, 161, 218. 



Cultivation. The genus Campanula is extraordi- 

 narily rich in flowering garden plants of merit. The 

 alpine section is distinguished by a charming grace 

 both in character of growth and size and bearing of 

 flowers. The peach-leaved class (C. persicifolia) is 

 characterized by the noble and beautiful form of single 

 and semi-double blossoms carried by thin erect stems 

 2-3 feet high. The luster and clearness of tints of the 

 bushy biennial Medium and calycanthema type are 

 remarkable, while the rambling habit and the marvelous 

 floriferousness of the varieties C. isophylla and its 

 descendant C. Mayii, indicate the wide range of orna- 

 mental usefulness of bellflowers. Considering the good 

 lasting qualities in a cut state and the great popularity 

 of the flowers of long-stemmed sorts for indoor decora- 

 tion, it is safe to say that campanulas will steadily gain 

 in importance as material upon the florists' counter as 

 well as for garden planting. The greatest curiosities 

 are C. punctata, C. macrostyla, C. Zoysii and C. rotundi- 

 folia var. soldanellse flora. For exhibition and for pot 

 culture and also for large single specimens, C. pyram- 

 idalis is most used. For edgings, C. carpatica is per- 

 haps the favorite. Of all wild forms, the best known 

 is certainly C. rotundifolia, the true harebell, or 

 "blue bells of Scotland." It is native in North Amer- 

 ica as well as in Europe, on rocky banks and shores. 

 Wherever rock-gardens are planned, alpine cam- 

 panulas have become indispensable. The greater part 

 of typical mountain inhabitants chiefly available 

 for this purpose being spring-flowering plants, the 

 summer flowers of campanulas are especially welcome. 

 One of the best bellflowers for rock-gardens is C. 

 carpatica, blue and white, with its var. compacta also in 

 blue and white, var. cselestina, sky blue, var. pelviformis, 

 light blue, and var. Riverslea with large dark-blue bells; 

 but there are a number of other very handsome species 

 possessing commercial value that deserve the atten- 

 tion of progressive growers. The demand is for a plant 

 material easy to handle, resistant and free-flowering. 

 As such may be recommended for rockeries, C. gargan- 

 ica and C. garganica var. hirsuta, both 4 inches high, 

 flowers light blue. C. pusilla, in white and blue, is 

 regarded as the hardiest low-growing alpine bellflower. 

 Excellent effect may be secured from a number of the 

 garden hybrids, when rightly employed; plantations of 

 C. Wilsonii, cross between C. pulla and C. turbinata, 

 dark blue, 6 inches tall, and C. Fergusonii and C. Hen- 



