664 



CARICA 



CARLUDOVICA 



luxuriant growth under these conditions, and the 

 planter will be amply repaid for his trouble by beauti- 

 ful showy specimens as tropical-appearing as palms. 



Papaya, Linn. (Papaya Cdrica, Gaertn.). PAPAYA. 

 PAWPAW. The commonest species in cult., sometimes 

 growing to a height of 20 ft., with large palmately 

 7-lobed Ivs., sometimes 2 ft. across, and fr. shaped like 

 a roughly angled melon up to 12 in. long and half as 

 thick, hanging, especially from the lower axils of the pis- 

 tillate plant. B.M. 2898-9. From the frs., which vary 

 in size up to 15 Ibs. and in number to the tree from 20-50, 

 is extracted the papaya juice, which furnishes the papain 

 of commerce. This is obtained by slashing the fr., and 

 collecting the milky juice in porcelain-lined receptacles, 

 where it is allowed to evaporate. When evaporated to 

 a granular condition, it is ready for the market and 

 brings from $4-$6 a Ib. in the crude state. The papaya 

 has of recent years become one of the commonest table 

 frs. of the tropics. The flesh, which is usually of a 

 salmon-pink or yellow color, is excellent when one 

 becomes accustomed to its peculiar flavor, and resem- 

 bles somewhat a most luscious muskmelon. From its 

 large content of papain, it may be eaten without injury 

 in considerable quantities and assists in the digestion 

 of other foods. As the tree grows with great rapidity 

 in tropical climates, it may be treated as an annual, the 

 seeds being sown early in protected beds, well cared for 

 and transplanted to their permanent places when well 

 established. They will then bear fr. late in the suc- 

 ceeding autumn. The method of graftage described on 

 p. 663 is preferable, however. The frs. have a consider- 

 able cavity, which, in the smaller rounded frs., is well 

 filled with the small brownish or blackish seeds. The 

 firm skin, the firmness of which may be increased by 

 selection, will permit of shipping to a distance. The 

 plant is sometimes polygamous, and from such plants 

 in Hawaii there have been bred types which appear to 

 have great promise as a shipping fr. The green frs. 

 are frequently used as vegetables, and the Ivs., if cooked 

 with tough meat, are said to make it tender, due to 

 the digestive principle. 



candamarcensis, Hook. f. (C. cundinamarcensis, 

 Lindl.). This is a more hardy ornamental species with 

 numerous Ivs., dark green above and pale beneath, 

 rounded-heart-shaped, \ l / ft. across, 5-lobed to the 

 center with pinnatifid lobes: fls. green and pubescent: 

 frs. small, pointed, 5-angled, golden yellow. B.M. 6198. 

 Hardy in S. Calif., but the frs. of no value as such. 



quercifdlia, Benth. & Hook. (Vasconccllea querci- 

 folia, St. Hil.). Lvs. shaped like those of the English 

 oak, palmately 3-lobed, and containing a greater per- 

 centage of papain than C. Papaya; frs. small. Hardy 

 in S. Calif. 



gracilis, Solms. (Papaya grdcilis, Regel). Habit of 

 C. Papaya; trunk simple, 4-6 ft. high, slender, very gla- 

 brous: Ivs. 5-digitate, the lobes sinuate-lobed, the 

 middle one 3-lobed, the whole blade suborbicular in 

 outline, petioled. Brazil. Gt. 1879:986. 



S. C. STUNTZ. 



CARISSA (aboriginal name). Apocynacese. Very 

 branchy spinose shrubs of the tropics of the eastern 

 hemisphere, cultivated for ornament or hedges, but 

 here mainly for the edible berry-like fruits. 



Flowers white, solitary or in cymes; lobes of calyx 

 and corolla 5, the 5 stamens free and included in the 

 throat, the ovary 2-loculed: Ivs. opposite and thick, 

 simple. About 30 species. Used abroad as greenhouse 

 plants but grown in this country only in S. Fla., and 

 Calif. Prop, by seeds and cuttings of ripe wood. 



Carandas, Linn. CARATJNDA. CHRIST'S-THORN. Ever- 

 green shrub or small tree, with dark green ovate or elliptic 

 mucronate entire Ivs., strong axillary spines (which are 

 often forked) and fragrant white fls. in clusters of 2-3, 

 the corolla twisted to the left in the bud : fr. the size of 



a cherry (1 in. diam.), reddish, pleasant-flavored. India. 

 L.B.C. 7:663. Reaches 20 ft. Half-hardy in Cent. Fla. 

 The frs. are eaten from the hand or made into a jelly 

 much* like currants when ripe, and pickled when green. 



bispindsa, Desf. (C. ardulna, Lam.). AMATUNGULU. 

 MAKITZGULA. Spines strong, often 2 in. long: Ivs. ovate 

 and subcordate, mucronate, glabrous and entire: fls. 

 white, the corolla twisted to the right in the bud. S. 

 Afr. A choice evergreen shrub, rather hardy, with 

 thick camellia-like very glossy Ivs. : fls. large, fragrant, 

 white, and borne profusely and continuously: fr. dark 

 red, size of a cherry, good. L.B.C. 4:387. Closely 

 resembles C. grandiflora, but fls. slightly smaller and 

 frs. in clusters; seeds lanceolate. 



grandifldra, DC. NATAL PLUM. Spiny shrub: Ivs. 

 ovate-acute, tapering to the base: fls. large, white, 

 fragrant, solitary and terminal, twisted to the right, 

 heterogpnous: fr. red, 1-13/2 in. long, resembling cran- 

 berries in flavor when cooked, and having a papery skin, 

 milky juice and few small almost circular seeds. Sauce 

 made from this fr. is almost indistinguishable in flavor 

 from cranberry sauce, but the frs. ripen so irregularly, 

 although almost continually, as to make the fr. suitable 

 only for home-garden use unless handled on a large scale. 

 Said to be the finest hedge plant in S. Afr. B.M. 6307. 



acuminata, DC. Spines weak: Ivs. smaller, ovate- 

 acute, subcordate, mucronate; peduncles short, forked, 

 axillary: fls. with lance-acuminate calyx-lobes, the 

 corolla twisted to the right in the bud. S. Afr. Per- 

 haps not different from C. bispinosa. 



C. edulis, Vahl. A straggling shrub with small purple edible fr. 

 from Trop. Afr. Intro, from Abyssinia, but has not yet been 

 thoroughly tested. The plant in the American trade under this 

 name is described as much taller than C. Carandas and more vigor- 

 ous: Ivs. persistent, ovate-acuminate: fls. 10-25 in axillary clusters, 

 white and pink, jasmine-scented: berries oval, red but turning 

 black at maturity, 1-seeded. C. ovdta, R. Br., from Austral., a 

 more open shrub than any of the preceding, the small frs. of which 

 are edible and used for jams, has been intro. by the Office of Foreign 

 Seed and Plant Introduction as a possible stock for the more ten- 

 der species, in the hope of extending the range of these frs. C. 

 spinarum, DC., a small edible-fruited evergreen shrub from India 

 is said to be an important element in reforestation since it persists 

 on the poorest and rockiest soils in spite of being greedily eaten by 

 sheep and goats. g> Q SxUNTZ.f 



CARLINA (said to have cured the army of Charle- 

 magne [Caroh'nus] of the plague). Composite. Low 

 rather coarse annuals, biennials or perennials, with 

 thistle-like foliage, large white or purplish heads, a 

 feathery pappus, and chaffy receptacle: outer involu- 

 cral bracts coriaceous, usually spiny, the inner ones 

 colored or shiny and petal-like: fr. a silky-hairy achene. 

 Some 15 or 20 species in the Medit. region. 



An open sunny place and ordinary garden soil are 

 all they require. They are capital for the sunny part of 

 a rockery. Propagated by cuttings or seeds. 



acaulis, Linn. A very dwarf hardy perennial; height 

 3-6 in.: Ivs. glossy, pinnatifid, divided, with spiny 

 ends: fl. rising barely above the foliage, solitary, very 

 interesting, the scales surrounding the fl.-head being 

 long and narrow and ray- or petal-like, silky, shiny: 

 head 6 in. across when expanded, white. June, July 

 and late fall. G.C. II. 13:720-1. G.L. 19:178. 



acanthifclia, Linn. A white-tomentose thick-lvd. 

 biennial, the Ivs. oblong, the upper pinnatifid and spiny: 

 fl.-heads 4 in. wide, yellowish purple. S. Eu. July and 

 later. G.C. III. 47:68. Little known in U. S. 



N. TAYLOR, f 



CARLUDOVICA (Charles IV, and his Queen Louisa, 

 of Spain). Cyclanthacese. Palm-like, sometimes merely 

 herbaceous plants, of tropical America. 



The plants are stemless, or sometimes with a lax 

 creeping st., and usually have stalked, sometimes ses- 

 sile, flabellate lys. : fls. mono3cious, the two sexes being 

 on the same spadix, which is inclosed in a 4-lvd. 

 spathe; staminate fls. with many stamens and many- 



