CARPENTERIA 



CARPINUS 



673 



summer, and by suckers, which it produces freely; also, 

 by seeds sown in spring. 



californica, Torr. Shrub, 6-10 ft. : lys. elliptic-lanceo- 

 late, entire or remotely denticulate, bright green above, 

 whitish-tomentose beneath, 2-4 in. long: fls. pure white, 

 2J/J-3 in. diam., fragrant; petals orbicular, concave. 

 June, July. B.M. 6911. Gn. 31:100; 34, p. 75; 36, p. 26; 

 54, p. 248; 76, p. 376. G.C. II. 26:113; III. 40:6, 7; 

 44:112. R.H. 1884, p. 365. J.H. III. 29:251; 45:107; 

 59:61. M.D.G. 1913:121. G.M. 31:25; 40:300. G. 

 29:695. Gn.W. 4:569. ALFRED RKHDER. 



CARPET-BEDDING: Bedding. 



CARPINUS (ancient Latin name). Betulaceaz. 

 HORNBEAM. Trees cultivated for their handsome 

 foliage, assuming bright autumnal tints; also for the 

 light green attractive fruit-clusters. 



Deciduous trees or rarely shrubs: winter-buds con- 

 spicuous, acute with many imbricate scales: Ivs. alter- 

 nate, petioled, serrate, with deciduous stipules: fls. 

 monoecious; staminate catkins pendulous, each scale 

 bearing 3-13 stamens, 2-forked at the apex; pistillate 

 catkins terminal, slender, each scale bearing 2 ovaries, 

 the bracts and bractlets of which develop into a large, 

 leafy, more or less 3-lobed bract, embracing the small, 

 nut-like fruit at their base. About 20 species, most of 

 them in Cent, and E. Asia, 5 in Eu. and W. Asia and 1 

 in N. and Cent. Amer. Monogr. by Winkler in Engler, 

 Pflanzenreich, Betulacese, hft. 19, pp. 24-43, quoted 

 below as W. B. 



The hornbeams are trees usually with dense round 

 head, rarely shrubby, with medium-sized, bright green 

 ovate to lanceolate leaves and rather insignificant 

 flowers appearing with the leaves and followed by pen- 

 dulous catkins consisting of large bracts bearing a small 

 nutlet in their axils. The wood is very hard and close- 

 grained, and much used in making tools and other small 

 articles. The handsome foliage is rarely attacked by 

 insects, and assumes a yellow or scarlet color in fall. 

 The most beautiful are C. cordata, with large leaves, 

 and C. japonica, of graceful habit and with elegant 

 foliage. The European hornbeam bears severe pruning 

 well, and is very valuable for high hedges; it was for- 

 merly much used in the old formal gardens for this 

 purpose; it makes, also, an excellent game cover, as 

 it retains its withered foliage almost throughout the 

 winter. 



The species are of comparatively slow growth and 

 thrive in almost any soil, and even in dry, rocky situa- 

 tions; most of them are quite hardy North. Propagated 

 by seeds, sown usually in fall, germinating very irregu- 

 larly; if they do not appear the first spring, the seed- 

 bed should be covered until the following spring with 

 moss or leaf-mold, to keep the soil moist. If intended 

 for hedges, the seedlings should be transplanted after 

 the first year, and allowed sufficient space to prevent 

 them from growing into slender tall plants, unfit for 

 hedges. The varieties of rarer species are grafted in 

 spring under glass, or in the open air on seedlings of one 

 of the common species. 



A. Lvs. with 7-15 secondary veins: mature catkins with 

 spreading narrow bracts. 



caroliniana, Walt. (C. americana, Michx. C. virgini- 

 ana, Michx. f.). AMERICAN HORNBEAM. BLUE BEECH. 

 Fig. 820. Bushy tree, rarely 40 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, 

 usually rounded at the base, acuminate, sharply and 

 doubly serrate, glabrous at length, except in the axils 

 of the veins beneath, 2-4 in. long: fr.-clusters peduncled, 

 2-4 in. long: bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, %-l in. 

 long, with 2 broad and short unequal lateral lobes, and 

 a much longer middle lobe, usually serrate only on one 

 margin. E. N. Amer., west to Minn, and Texas; also, 

 in Mex. and Cent. Amer. S.S. 9:447. Em. 1:199. Gn. 

 24, p. 418. Bushy tree, with dense, but slender and 



often somewhat pendulous branches, and dark bluish 

 green foliage, changing to scarlet or orange-yellow in 

 fall. 



Betulus, Linn. EUROPEAN HORNBEAM. Tree, to 60 

 or 70 ft. : Ivs. similar to those of the former, cordate or 

 rounded at the base, ovate or oblong-ovate, of somewhat 

 thicker texture, and the veins more impressed above: 

 fr.-clusters 3-5 in. long: bracts over \Y^ in. long, with 

 ovate, lateral lobes, and much longer oblong-lanceolate 

 middle lobe, the margins almost entire or remotely den- 

 ticulate. Eu. to Persia. H.W. 2:17, pp. 31-33. W.B. 

 29. F.S.R. 3, p. 153. Gn. 24, pp. 418, 419, 420. The 

 most remarkable of the garden forms are the following: 

 Var. incisa, Ait. (var. asplenlfdlia, Hort.). Lvs. incised 

 or lobed, smaller. Gn. 24, p. 419. Var. pyramidalis, 

 Dipp. (var. fastigidta, Hort.). Of upright growth. Var. 

 purpilrea, Dipp. Lvs. purplish when young, green at 

 length. It 

 grows into a 

 taller tree 

 than the Am- 

 erican species, 

 although the 

 former is of more vigor- 

 ous growth when young; 

 the foliage turns yellow 

 in fall, and remains on 

 the tree throughout the 

 winter. 



AA. Lvs. with 15-25 pairs 

 of veins: mature cat- 

 kins with loosely 

 oppressed ovate and 

 dentate bracts, of 

 cone-like appearance. 

 japonica, Blume (C. 

 Carpinus, Sarg. Distego- 

 cdrpus Carpinus, Sieb. & 

 Zucc.). Tree, to 50 ft.: 

 young branchlets pubes- 

 cent: Ivs. reddish brown 



when unfolding, oblong- 8 20. Carpinus caroliniana. ( X Ji) 

 ovate or oblong-lanceo- 

 late, 2-4 in. long, acuminate, rounded or subcordate at 

 the base, unequally serrate, with 20-24 pairs of veins 

 deeply impressed above, bright green and glabrous 

 above, beneath brownish pubescent on the veins at 

 first, finally glabrous or nearly so : mature catkins ovoid- 

 oblong, 2 in. long, slender-ped uncled; bracts inflexed 

 at the base inclosing the nutlet. Japan. G.F. 6:365. 

 R.H. 1895, p. 427. S.I.F. 1:24. A very graceful 

 species and quite hardy; sometimes cult, under the 

 name C. laxiflora, which is an entirely different species 

 with the Ivs. having only 10-14 pairs of veins. 



cordata, Blume. Tree, to 40 ft.: young branchleta 

 hairy at first, soon glabrous: Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate, 

 acuminate, distinctly cordate at the base, 3-^6 in. long, 

 unequally serrate, with 15-20 pairs of veins deeply 

 impressed above, pubescent on the veins beneath or 

 glabrous: mature catkins 2-3 in. long, slender-ped un- 

 cled; bracts not inflexed at t the base, but with an 

 opposite bractlet about as long as the nutlet. Japan, 

 Manchuria, Korea. G.F. 8:295. S.I.F. 1:24. A very 

 handsome species and quite hardy. 



C. americAna, Michx. =C. caroliniana. C. duinfnsis, Scop.= 

 C. orientalis. C. laxiflAra, Blume. To 50 ft. : Ivs. ovate or elliptic- 

 ovate, long-acuminate, 2-3 in. long, with 10-14 pairs of veins. 

 Japan. S.I.F. 1:25. Very attractive in fall, with its long and slen- 

 der catkins. Var. macrostdchya, Winkl. Lvs. ovate-oblong: fruit- 

 ing catkins 2^-S l A in. long. W. China. H.I. 20:1989. Recently 

 intro. C. orientalis. Mill. Bushy tree, to 15 ft.: Ivs. ovate or 

 oblong-ovate, 1 H~2 in. long, with about 10 pairs of veins. S.E. Eu. 

 to Persia. Gn. 24, p. 418. C. Pdxii, Winkl. =C. Turczaninowii. 

 C. polyneiira, Franch. (C. Turczaninowii var. polyneura, Winkl.). 

 Small tree: young branchlets pubescent, soon glabrous: Iva. ovate- 

 lanceolate, long-acuminate, usually rounded at the base, 1 K~2 Yi in. 

 long, with 15-20 pairs of veins; fruiting bractlets ovate to lanceolate, 

 serrate. W. China. W.B. 39. C. Turczaninowii, Hance (C. Paiii, 



