CASSINE 



CASTANEA 



681 



CASSINE (a name said to have been used by the 

 Indians in Fla. ; see Ilex Cassine). Celaslracese. Some 

 20 or less erect or climbing glabrous shrubs of the Cape 

 region in Afr., apparently not known in cult, in this 

 country. Lvs. opposite, thick, entire or serrate: fls. 

 email, white, in axillary clusters; calyx 4 5-parted, 

 minute; petals 4-5; stamens 4-5, on the disk, which 

 encircles the ovary: fr. a 1-2-seeded drupe, with a hard 

 pit or stone. C. Colpoon, Thunb. (or C. capensis var. 

 Colpoori) is the ladlewood of the Cape, the wood being 

 used in the making of small articles. C. Maurocenia, 

 Linn, (now placed in a separate genus, Maurocenia 

 capensis, Sond.) is the Hottentot cherry. H.I. 6:55 2. 



CASSIOPE (Greek mythological name). Ericaceae. 

 Ornamental small shrubs sometimes cultivated for 

 their handsome delicate flowers. 



Evergreen: Ivs. very small, usually scale-like and 

 opposite, rarely alternate and linear: fls. solitary, axil- 

 lary, or terminal; calyx small, 5-parted; corolla cam- 

 panulate, 5-lobed or 5-cleft; stamens 10, the anthers 

 with recurved appendages; style included: fr. a 5- 

 valved caps, with numerous minute seeds. Ten spe- 

 cies in arctic regions and high mountains of N. Amer., 

 N. Eu., N. Asia and Himalayas. Formerly included 

 under Andromeda. 



Cassiopes are graceful, delicate plants, adapted for 

 rockeries, flowering in summer. They are of somewhat 

 difficult culture, and require peaty and sandy moist 

 but well-drained soil and partly shaded situation, 

 though C. hypnoides grows best in full sun, creeping 

 amongst growing moss. Drought, as well as dry and 

 hot air, is fatal to them. Propagated readily by cut- 

 tings from mature wood in August under glass; also by 

 layers and by seeds treated like those of Erica. 



C. fastigiota, Don (Andromeda fastigiata, Wall.). Ascending: 

 Ivs. imbricate, in 4 rows, with white-fringed margin: fls. axillary, 

 white. Himalayas. B.M. 4796. G.C. III. 47:379 (habit). Gn. 43, 

 p. 189. G. 15:709. C. hypnoides, Don. (Harrimanella hypnoides, 

 Coville). Creeping: Ivs. linear, alternate, crowded: fls. terminal, 

 deeply 5-cleft. Arctic regions. B.M. 2936. L.B.C. 20:1946. G.C. 

 III. 39:226 (habit). C. Afertensiana, Don. Erect or ascending to 

 1 ft. high: Ivs. imbricate in 4 rows, carinate on the back: fls. axil- 

 lary, white or slightly tinged rosy. Sitka to Calif. C. tetragdna, Don 

 (Andromeda tetragona, Linn.). Similar to the former, but lower, 

 and the Ivs. with a deep furrow on the back. Arctic regions. B.M. 

 3181. M.D.G. 1910: 125. 137 (habit). 



CASSIPOUREA (a native name in Guiana). Rhizo- 

 phordceae. Perhaps a dozen or less species (if the African 

 Dactylopetalum is included in the American Cassi- 

 pourea) in Trop. Amer. and in Afr, one of which is 

 now offered. Glabrous trees or shrubs: Ivs. opposite 

 or whorled, stalked, somewhat leathery, oblong or 

 lanceolate, entire or somewhat crenate: fls. small or 

 medium in size, white, solitary or fascicled in the axils; 

 calyx 4-5-lobed; petals 4-7, fimbriate, linear or spatu- 

 late, inserted in the cup-like disk; stamens 10-30; 

 ovary 2-4-celled: caps, ovoid, somewhat fleshy, tardily 

 dehiscent, the cells 1-seeded. C. verticillata, N. E. Br., 

 Natal, a handsome tree, with very shiny foliage: Ivs. 

 about 4 in. long and half as broad, in 3's or 4's, lightly 

 creno-serrate or almost entire; petals 5-7, exserted, 

 very narrow; stamens 10-14. A rare mangrove-like 

 tree, found at considerable elevations away from the 

 coast. Offered in S. Calif. L jj g 



CASTALIA: Nymphsea. 



CASTANEA (ancient Latin name). Fagaceae. 

 CHESTNUT. Fruit and ornamental trees, grown for 

 their edible nuts and also for their handsome foliage 

 and attractive flowers. 



Deciduous trees, rarely shrubs: Ivs. alternate, ser- 

 rate, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate: fls. monoecious, the 

 staminate ones with 6-parted calyx and 10^-20 stamens, 

 in long, erect, cylindrical catkins; the pistillate ones 

 on the lower part of the upper catkins, usually 3 to- 

 gether in a prickly involucre; ovary 6-celled: fr. a large 



brown nut, 1-7 together in a prickly involucre or bur: 

 winter-buds with 3-4 scales: branchlets without ter- 

 minal bud. About ten species in the temperate regions 

 of N. E. Amer., Eu., N. Afr. and Asia. 



The chestnuts are very attractive when in bloom. 

 The handsome foliage is generally not injured by 

 insects or fungi, but the whole tree is attacked by a 

 serious disease known as the chestnut bark disease 

 which has spread rapidly during the last years, chiefly 

 in New York, Pennsylvania and the adjacent states. 

 It was first discovered in 1904. It is caused by a fungus, 

 Endothia parasitica, which 

 penetrates the bark, develops 

 its mycelium in bark and 

 sapwood, finally girdles the 

 branch or trunk and causes 

 the death of the portion above 

 the infected place. The pres- 

 ence of reddish pustules on 

 the infected area is a sure sign 

 of the presence of this fungus. 

 The cutting and destroying of 

 the infected parts seems so far 

 the only way of checking the 

 spreading of the disease. This 

 disease was without doubt im- 

 ported with plants from eastern 

 Asia, as the disease has been 

 discovered recently in China 

 on C. mollissima. The latter 

 species and C. crenata seem 

 much more resistant than the 

 American and European varie- 

 ties and there is much hope 

 for a successful selection and 

 breeding of resistant varieties 

 and for keeping this disease 

 under control, , as it is done 

 successfully in China. 



C. dentata and C. saliva 

 are large-sized trees, while C. 

 pumila and C. crenata usually 

 remain shrubby. The coarse- 

 grained wood is much used for 

 furniture, railway ties and 

 fence-posts, as it is very dur- 

 able in the soil. The chestnut 

 is extensively cultivated in 

 Europe and eastern Asia and 

 also in this country for its 

 edible fruit. It grows best in 

 well -drained soil on sunny 

 slopes, and even in rather dry 

 and rocky situations, but dis- 

 likes limestone soil . The Ameri- 

 can species is perfectly hardy 

 North, while the European 

 species is somewhat. tenderer. 



Propagated by seeds, sown 

 in fall where there is no danger 

 of them being eaten by mice or 

 squirrels; otherwise they should 

 be stratified in boxes and 

 buried 1 or 2 feet deep in a warm soil until early 

 spring, when they are sown in rows about 3 inches 

 deep. If growing well, they can be transplanted the 

 following fall or spring 2 or 3 feet apart from each 

 other, and planted after three or four years where 

 they are to stand. They are also increased by layers 

 in moist soil. Varieties are usually worked on seed- 

 ling stock or on sprouts by whipgrafting above the 

 ground when the stock is just beginning to push into 

 leaf. Crown-grafting, root-grafting and budding are 

 also sometimes practised, but no method gives wholly 

 satisfactory results, and usually only one-half take 

 well. See Chestnut. 



833. Castanea dentata. 



(XH) 



