CHROZOPHORA 



CHRYSANTHEMUM 



753 



ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Nine, species chiefly 

 of Old World deserts. C. tinctdria, Juss. (Crbton 

 tinctbrius, Linn.), TURNSOLE, a Medit. annual, for- 

 merly used for its blue dye, is listed in some European 

 catalogues. 



CHRYSALIDOCARPUS (Greek for golden fruit}. 

 Palmaceae, tribe Areceas. Spineless stoloniferous fan 

 palms, with medium fasciculate ringed stems. 



Leaves pinnatisect, long-acuminate; segms. about 100, 

 bifid at the apex, the lateral nerves remote from the 

 midrib: fr. usually violet or almost black. Species 1, 

 which is a popular florist's plant. Madagascar. Treated 



926. Chrysalidocarpus 

 lutescens. 



as a part of Hyophprbe by Engler and Prantl, but here 

 kept distinct, as it is commonly known as Chrysa- 

 lidocarpus by cultivators. 



lutescens, Wendl. (Hyophorbe indica, Gaertn. H. 

 Commersonidna, Mart. Areca lutescens, Bory). Fig. 

 926. St. 30 ft. high, 4-6 in. diam., cylindrical, smooth, 

 thickened at the base: Ivs. very long; segms. almost 

 opposite, lanceolate, 2 ft. long, 2*/6 in. wide, acute, 

 with 3 prominent primary nerves, which are convex 

 below and acutely 2-faced above. Bourbon. A.G. 13: 

 141. A.F. 4:566. In growing Chrysalidocarpus (or 

 Areca) lutescens in quantity, it will be found a good 

 plan to sow the seeds either on a bench, in boxes or 

 seed-pans, so prepared that the seedlings will remain 

 in the soil in which they germinate until they have 

 made 2 or more Ivs. The first If. made above the 

 soil is small, and if plants are potted off at this stage 

 they must be very carefully watered in order not to sour 

 the soil. In the preparation of the receptacles for the seed, 

 a little gravel in the bottom will be found good, as the 

 roots work very freely through it, and when the time 

 comes to separate the plants previous to potting, it is 

 an easy matter to disentangle the roots without bruis- 

 ing them. Probably the plan which works best is to 

 wash the soil and gravel entirely from among the roots. 

 Pot in soil not too dry, and for the next few days keep 

 the house extra warm and humid, and the plants shaded 

 from the sun without any moisture applied to the soil. 

 JARED G. SMITH and G. W. OLIVER. 



CHRYSANTHEMUM (Greek, golden flower). In- 

 cluding Pyrethrum. Compdsitx. Plate XXX. A diverse 

 group of herbaceous and sub-shrubby plants, mostly 

 hardy, and typically with white or yellow single 

 flowers, but the more important kinds greatly modified 

 in form and color, grown in the open or flowered under 

 glass in fall. 



Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes partly woody, 

 glabrous or loosely pubescent or rarely viscid, usually 

 heavy-scented : Ivs. alternate, various, from nearly or 

 quite entire to much dissected : heads many-fld., termi- 

 nating long peduncles or disposed in corymbose clus- 

 ters, radiate (rays sometimes wanting) ; disk-fls. perfect 

 and mostly fertile; ray-fls. pistillate, mostly fertile, 

 the ray white, yellow, rose-colored, toothed or entire; 

 receptacle naked, flat or convex; involucre-scales 

 imbricated and appressed, mostly in several series, the 

 margins usually scarious: achene of disk- and ray-fls. 

 similar, striate or angled or terete or more or less ribbed, 

 those of the ray-fls. often 3-angled; pappus 0, or a 

 scale-like cup or raised border. Probably nearly 150 

 recognizable species, in temperate and boreal regions 

 in many parts of the globe, but mostly in the Old 

 World. 



The genus Chrysanthemum, as now accepted by 

 botanists, includes many diverse species so far as gen- 

 eral appearance is concerned, but nevertheless well 

 agreeing within themselves in systematic marks and by 

 these same marks being separated from related groups. 

 The marks are in large part set forth in the preceding 

 paragraph. Bentham and Hooker make twenty-two 

 sub-groups (of which about six include the garden forms) , 

 based chiefly on the way in which the seeds are ribbed, 

 cornered, or winged, and the form of the pappus. The 

 garden pyrethrums cannot be kept distinct from chrys- 

 anthemums by garden characters. The garden con- 

 ception of Pyrethrum is a group of hardy herbaceous 

 plants with mostly single flowers, as opposed to the 

 florists' or autumn chrysanthemums, which reach per- 

 fection only under glass, and the familiar annual kinds 

 which are commonly called summer chrysanthemums. 

 When the gardener speaks of pyrethrums, he usually 

 means P. roseum. Many of the species described below 

 have been called pyrethrums at various times, but they 

 all have the same specific name under the genus Chrys- 

 anthemum, except the most important of all garden 

 pyrethrums, viz., P. roseum, which is C. coccineum. 

 The feverfew and golden feather are still sold as 

 pyrethrums, and there are other garden species of 

 less importance. The botanical conception of Pyre- 

 thrum is variously defined; the presence of a rather 

 marked pappus-border on the achene is one of the dis- 

 tinctions; the pyrethrums are mostly plants with large 

 and broad heads either solitary or in loose corymbose 

 clusters, the rays usually conspicuous and commonly not 

 yellow, and the fruits five- to ten-ribbed. Hoffmann, 

 in Engler & Prantl "Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien," 

 adopts eight sections, one of them being Tanacetum 

 (tansy) which most botanists prefer to keep distinct. 



Although the genus is large and widespread, the 

 number of plants of interest to the cultivator is rela- 

 tively few. Of course the common garden chrysanthe- 

 mum, derived apparently from two species, is the most 

 useful. The insect powder known as "pyrethrum," is 

 produced from the dried flowers of C. dnerarisefolium 

 and C. coccineum. The former species grows wild in 

 Dalmatia, a long narrow mountainous tract of the 

 Austrian empire. "Dalmatian insect powder" is one 

 of the commonest insecticides, especially for household 

 pests. C. cinerarisefolium is largely cultivated in France. 

 C. coccineum is cultivated in California, and the prod- 

 uct is known as buhach. 



There are over one hundred books about the garden 

 chrysanthemum, and its magazine literature is proba- 

 bly exceeded in bulk only by that of the rose. It is the 

 flower of the East, as the rose is the flower of the West. 



