754 



CHRYSANTHEMUM 



CHRYSANTHEMUM 



Aside from oriental literature, there were eighty-three 

 books mentioned by C. Harman Payne, in the Cata- 

 logue of the National Chrysanthemum Society for 

 1896. Most of these are cheap cultural guides, circu- 

 lated by the dealers. The botany of the two common 

 species has been monographed by W. B. Hemsley in 

 the Gardeners' Chronicle, series III, vol. 6, pp. 521, 

 555, 585, 652, and in the Journal of the Royal Horti- 

 cultural Society, vol. 12, part I. The great repositories 

 of information regarding the history of the chrysanthe- 

 mum, from the garden point of view, are the scattered 

 writings of C. Harman Payne, his "Short History of 

 the Chrysanthemum," London, 1885, and the older 

 books of F. W. Burbidge and John Salter. For informa- 

 tion about varieties, see the Catalogues of the National 

 Chrysanthemum Society (England) and the Liste De- 

 scriptive, and supplements thereto, by O. Meulenaere, 



Ghent, Belgium. 

 There are a 

 number of rather 

 expensive art 

 works, among 

 which one of the 

 most delightful 

 is the "Golden 

 Flower: Chry- 

 santhemum," 

 edited by F. 

 Schuyler Math- 

 ews, Prang, 

 Boston, 1890. 

 "Chrysanthe- 

 mum Culture 

 for America," 

 by James Mor- 

 ton, Clarksville, 

 Tenn., published 

 in New York in 

 1891, was the 

 first authentic 

 American work. 

 Within the past 

 few years have 

 appeared "The 

 Chrysanthe- 

 mum," by 

 Arthur Herring- 

 ton, "Smith's 

 Chrysanthe- 

 mum Manual," by Elmer D. Smith, and recently 

 "Chrysanthemums and How to Grow Them," by I. L. 

 Powell. 



Aside from the florist's chrysanthemum (C. hor- 

 torum), no particular skill is required in the growing of 

 these plants, although great perfection is attained by 

 some gardeners in the handling of individual plants 

 of the marguerites (C. frutescens). The hardy border 

 perennial Chrysanthemums may be either small- 

 flowered rugged forms of C. hortorum, as the "hardy 

 pompons" and also the "artemisias" of old gardens, 

 or they may be other species. Some of these other 

 species are the "pyrethrums" of gardens, and some (as 

 the C. maximum and C. uliginosum class) are the 

 "moon daisies" and "moonpenny daisies" of the 

 hardy perennial plantation. Some of the very dwarf 

 tufted kinds (as C. Tchihatchewii) make excellent 

 edging plants. The moon daisies deserve to be better 

 known for mass planting and bold lines when a great 

 display of heavy white bloom is wanted. Most of 

 them bloom the first season from early-sown seed. 

 The Shasta daisy and its derivatives are of the moon 

 daisy group. They all profit by a covering of coarse 

 mulch in the fall. See Pyrethrum and Marguerite. 



The annual chrysanthemums are easily grown flower- 

 garden subjects, suitable for a bold late display in 

 places where delicate and soft effects are not desired. 



C. carinatum, C. coronarium and C. segetum are the 

 common sources of these annuals. They are hardy and 

 rugged; and they need much room. 



927. Chrysanthemum carinatum, the form 

 sold as C. Burridgeanum. ( X , J 3) 



A. Plant annual (at least so treated in cult.): the 



"summer chrysanthemums." 



B. Rays typically white. 



1. carinatum, Schousb. (C. tricolor, Andr. C. matri- 

 caroides, Hort.). Fig. 927. Glabrous annual, 2-3 ft. 

 high: st. much branched: Ivs. rather fleshy, pinnatifid: 

 fls. in solitary heads which are nearly 2 in. across, with 

 typically white rays and a yellow ring at the base; 

 involucral bracts carinate (keeled). Summer. The 

 two colors, together with the dark purple disk, gave 

 rise to the name "tricolor." The typical form, intro. 

 into England from Morocco in 1798, was pictured in 

 B.M. 508 (1799). By 1856 signs of doubling appeared 

 (F.S. 11:1099). In 1858 shades of red in the rays 

 appeared in a strain intro. by F. K. Burridge, of Col- 

 chester, England, and known as C. Burridgeanum, Hort. 

 (see B.M. 5095, which shows a ring of red on the rays, 

 adding a fourth color to this remarkably brilliant and 

 varied fl., and F.S. 13:1313, which also shows C. 

 venustum, Hort., in which the rays are entirely red, 

 except the original yellow circle at the base). G. 2:307. 

 Gn.W. 24:675. C. annulatum, Hort., is a name for 

 the kinds with circular bands of red, maroon, or purple. 

 R.H. 1869:450. C. Dunnetti, Hort., is another seed- 

 grower's strain. There are full double forms in yellow 

 margined red, and white margined red, the fls. 3 in. 

 across (see R.H. 1874:410), under many names. See, 

 also, Gn. 26, p. 440; 10, p. 213; 21:22. R.H. 1874, 

 p. 412. S.H. 2:477. G.W. 14, p. 99 The comnKmest 

 and gaudiest of annual chrysanthemums, distinguished 

 by the keeled or ridged scales of involucre and the dark 

 purple disk. 



BB. Rays typically light yellow. 



2. coronirium, Linn. (Anthemis coronaria, Hort.), 

 Annual, 3-4 ft.: Ivs. bipinnately parted, somewhat 

 clasping or eared at the base, glabrous, the segms. 

 closer together than in C. carinatum: involucral scales 

 broad, scarious; rays lemon-colored or nearly white. 

 July-Sept. Medit. Gn.26:440. G.C. II. 19:541. 

 The full double forms, with rays reflexed and imbrica- 

 ted, are more popular than the single forms. This and 

 C. carinatum are the common "summer chrysanthe- 

 mums." This is common in old gardens, and is also 

 somewhat used for bedding and for pot culture. 



BBB. Rays typically golden yellow. 



3. segetum, Linn. CORN MARIGOLD. Annual, 1-1^6 

 ft. : Ivs. sparse, clasping, oblong to oblanceolate, vari- 

 able, the lower petioled and the upper clasping, incis- 

 ions coarse or fine, deep or shallow, but usually only 

 coarsely serrate, with few and distant teeth, the lower 

 ones less cut: bracts of involucre broad, obtuse; rays 

 obovate and emarginate, golden yellow. June-Aug. 

 Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia. Escaped in waste places. Gn. 

 18, p. 195. R.H. 1895, pp. 448, 449. Var. grandifldrum, 

 Hort., is a larger-fld. form of this weed, which is com- 



