CIRSIUM 



CISSUS 



775 



967. Cirsium muticum. 



tive. It is C. lanceolatum, Hill (Carduus lanceolatus, 

 Linn.)- Both these species are introduced from Eu., as 

 well as two or three others of lesser distribution in this 

 country. There are a number of showy native species, 

 one of which, C. muticum, Michx., (Carduus muticus, 

 Pers.) is shown in Fig. 

 967. This purple-fld. 

 species occurs in low 

 grounds from Newfound- 

 land to W. Va. 



A few species of Cir- 

 sium (as the genus is 

 here defined) may be 

 expected to occur in cult. 

 C. oleraceum, Scop., 

 (Carduus oleraceus, Vill .) , 

 of Eu., has very decora- 

 tive foliage, and thrives 

 in the moister parts of a 

 garden; the fls. are not 

 very handsome, whitish 

 or yellowish; 3 ft. The 

 Chamaepeuces are some- 

 times grown for 

 the large prickly 

 spreading rosettes * 

 of Ivs. that are pro- 

 duced thefirst year, 

 the bloom appearing the 

 second year. They com- 

 bine well with plantings 

 made for subtropical 

 effect: C. Casabome, DC. 

 (Chamsepeuce Casabonae, 

 DC. Carduus Casabome, 

 Linn.), has Ivs. deep 



green veined white, spiny, the fl. -heads pale purple; C. 

 Diacantha, DC. (Chamsepeuce Diacantha, DC. Carduus 

 Diacantha, Labill.), has thick Ivs. shining green with 

 silvery lines, white beneath, linear-lanceoate, the prin- 

 cipal nerve or rib terminated by a single spine and the 

 lateral nerves usually 2-spined, and dense clusters of 

 purple heads; C. afrum, DC. (Chamsepeuce afra, DC. 

 Carduus afer, Jacq.), has dark green blotched white 

 linear-lanceolate Ivs. tomentose beneath, and large 

 bright purple heads; C. Sprengeri, Hort., 'a garden 

 hybrid, perennial, with dark green white-veined spiny 

 Ivs., and white fragrant heads; C. tauricum, Hort., is 

 probably C. Diacantha. L. H. B. 



CISSAMPELOS (Greek for ivy and vine). Menisper- 

 macesp. Mostly twining plants, shrubs and herbs, 

 one of which is cultivated far south. 



Leaves various, mostly cordate or reniform, often 

 peltate, alternate : fls. in axillary racemes or clusters, the 

 plant dioecious; sterile fls. with 4 sepals and 4 petals 

 united, the anthers 2-5 on a staminal column or disk; 

 fertile fls. with 2 united fleshy sepals, subtended by a 

 sepal-like bract, and solitary ovary, with 3 styles: fr. 

 a subglobose drupe, with a flattened and tuberculate 

 stone. Many species or distinct forms in tropical 

 regions, but many of them are evidently forms of the 

 widely distributed C. Pareira, Linn. This plant, as C. 

 heterophylla, DC., and under other names, is cult, in 

 S. Fla. and the tropics. It is known as VELVET-LEAF 

 and FALSE PAREIRA. It is an exceedingly variable 

 vine, with downy round-cordate or peltate entire or 

 lobed Ivs., the very small sterile fls. in stalked corymbs 

 and the fertile in large-bracted clusters, and a hairy 

 or glabrate nearly globular red drupe. It occurs in all 

 tropical countries. "Pareira brava" of the pharmaco- 

 pceas is derived from the root of the related perennial 

 climber, Chandrodendron tomentosum, of Peru and Brazil. 

 Whether the genus Cissampelos contains 20 or 70 spe- 

 cies depends mostly on the rank given to the many forms 

 of the cosmopolitan C. Pareira. j j< jf B. 



CISSUS (Greek name of ivy). Vitaceae. Mostly 

 tendril-climbing shrubs, a few of which are grown in 

 the open, and others under glass for the handsome often 

 colored foliage. 



Very like Vitis (with which some authors unite it): 

 at best a mixed group botanically, and capable of good 

 definition only when certain groups or subdivisions are 

 removed from it. For the characters of related genera, 

 see Ampelopsis, Parlhenocissus, Vitis. As constituted 

 by Gilg in Engler & Prantl's "Pflanzenfamilien," the 

 genus includes Cayratia but which might well be kept 

 distinct. This subgenus, of which two or three interest- 

 ing species from China and Japan are in cult., differs 

 from Cissus proper in the always compound Ivs., which 

 are usually pedate, the axillary infl., the thin or even 

 membranous disk, the 2-4-seeded fr., and the plants 

 mostly herbaceous. Excluding Cayratia, Cissus is 

 known by usually simple Ivs., 1-seeded fr., and the disk 

 being deeply 4-lobed or separated into 4 gland-like 

 bodies. From Ampelopsis, as that genus is character- 

 ized in this work, Cissus differs in the 4-merous fls., 

 often herbaceous, and fleshy St., the 1-seeded rather 

 than 2-4-seeded fr. and in the disk not being cup-like 

 and not irregularly lobed. From Vitis, it differs in its 

 4-merous fls., its expanding petals (the corolla not fall- 

 ing off as a cap), the 4-parted disk, its 1-seeded mostly 

 dry and inedible fr., and other characters. Cissus com- 

 prises probably 200 species, widely dispersed in tropi- 

 cal regions and a few of them reaching extra-tropical 

 areas (as in the southern U. S.): mostly climbers by 

 means of tendrils without enlarged or disk-like ends, 

 rarely erect shrubs or even perennial herbs, sometimes 

 with greatly thickened sts. either under ground or 

 above: Ivs. alternate, simple or compound, with tendril 

 (if present) opposite or at same node: fls. usually per- 

 fect, in mostly umbel-like cymes that are terminal or 

 axillary; parts of the fl. in 4's, the petals at length 

 spreading and falling separately; disk around the ovary 

 4-parted or -separated; style long and mostly slender 

 rather than conical: fr. typically a dryish 1-seeded 

 berry (2-4-seeded in Cayratia). 



In cultivation there are very few species of Cissus, 

 and these are mostly the tendril-climbing Vitis-like 

 species grown under glass for the handsome foliage. 

 The best known is C. discolor, although other species 

 are likely to become widespread and popular in green- 

 houses. The fleshy-stemmed erect species are some- 

 times grown in botanical collections for the cactus-like 

 forms and for illustrations in adaptive morphology. 

 The species are readily propagated by cuttings. 



acida, 4. 

 adenopodus, 3. 

 antarctica, 9. 

 argentea, 10. 

 Baudiniana, 9. 

 discolor, 8. 



INDEX. 



gongylodes, 6. 

 incisa, 5. 

 japonica, 1. 

 mpllis, 8. 

 oligocarpa, 2. 



A. St. herbaceous. 



ovata, 10. 

 Rocheana, 5. 

 sicyoides, 10. 

 striuta, 7. 

 velutinus, 8. 



1. japdnica, Willd. (Cayratia japdnica, Gagnep.). 

 Herbaceous, glabrous or minutely puberulent, the 

 branches striate, climbing by tendrils: Ivs. pedately 

 5-foliolate, long-stalked, the Ifts. lanceolate or obovate- 

 oblong, serrate: fls. in a long-peduncled 2-3-forking 

 cyme, greenish; petals ovate-triangular, blunt: berry 

 size of a small pea, 2^-seeded, the seeds 3-angled- 

 ovate, keeled.. Japan, Java, Austral. Appears to be 

 root-hardy N., when covered. 



2. oligocarpa (Vitis oligocdrpa, Lev. & Van. Cayratia 

 oligocdrpa, Gagnep.). Differs from the above in the 

 acuminate and more sharply and closely serrate Ifts., 

 which are puberulous when young: anthers orbicular. 

 China. Very recently intro. 



3. adenopodus, Sprague. Herbaceous, climbing 

 by tendrils, slender, terete root tuberous: Ivs. red and 

 decorative, 3-foliolate, petioled, 3-6 in. long, hairy; 



