DISEASES AND INSECTS 



DISEASES AND INSECTS 1047 



Catalogue of insects. 



Abutilon. ABUTILON MOTH (Cosmophila erosa). A pale pea-green 

 caterpillar striped with lemon-yellow often defoliates the 

 plants in the southern states. 



Treatment. The young caterpillar may be killed by spray- 

 ing with "Black Leaf 40" tobacco extract, one part in 650 

 parts water, adding soap to make the hquid spread and 

 stick better. 



Acacia. COTTONY CUSHION SCALE. See Citrus, 

 OLEANDER SCALE. See Hedera. 

 RED SCALE. See Citrus. 



Acer. BOX-ELDER BUG (Leptocoris trivittatus) is about J^ inch in 

 length, dark gray in color marked with red. They congre- 

 gate about box elder in great numbers, on the sap of which 

 they feed. The young nymphs may be killed by spraying with 

 ordinary contact insecticides. 



COTTONY MAPLE SCALE (Pulvinaria vitis) is a brown, soft-bodied, 

 scale insect, K inch in length. The eggs are laid beneath a con- 

 spicuous cottony mass which protrudes from under the scale. 

 The eggs hatch during June and July, and the fertilized females 

 hibernate on the smaller branches. There is one generation 

 annually. 



Treatment. A stiff stream of water will dislodge many of 

 the mature scales in June or July. The young scales may be 

 killed with tobacco extract. The most effective treatment 

 on maples is 15 per cent kerosene emulsion applied during the 

 dormant season to kill the hibernating females. 

 GREEN-STRIPED MAPLE WORM (Anisota rubicunda) is a large, 

 pale yellowish green caterpillar, striped with dark green, that 

 occasionally defoliates the maple. 



Treatment. The young caterpillars may be controlled by 

 spraying with arsenate of lead, four to eight pounds to one 

 hundred gallons of water. 



PIGEON TREMEX (Tremex columba) is a large four-winged fly 

 having a wing expanse of 2 Yz inches. The abdomen ends in a 

 prominent ovipositor. The larva, over 2 inches long when full- 

 grown, burrows in the wood, seriously injuring the tree when 

 abundant. Vigorous trees usually overcome the attack. 

 PLANT-LICE. Several species are occasionally injurious. 



Treatment. "Black Leaf 40" tobacco extract, three-fourths 

 of a pint to one hundred gallons of water, adding four pounds 

 of soap, is an efficient remedy. 



SUGAR-MAPLE BORER (Plagionotus speciosus) is very destruc- 

 tive to hard maples. The parent beetle is about an inch long, 

 black, brilliantly marked and banded with yellow. The larva 

 is a large borer about 2 inches in length when mature. They 

 burrow mostly in the sapwood, several often girdling and 

 killing a tree. It is a difficult matter to prevent this injury. 



Treatment. Digging out the borers is the only remedy 

 known. 



WOOLLY MAPLE-LEAF SCALE (Phenacoccus acericold) is a soft- 

 bodied woolly-covered insect about J inch long, found on 

 the under side of the leaves. There are two or three genera- 

 tions a year. They hibernate as young on the bark of the 

 trunk and branches. 



Treatment. Winter applications of whale-oil soap, one 

 pound in one gallon of water, have given the best results. 

 JEsculus. TUSSOCK-MOTH. See Apple. 

 Agave. OLEANDER SCALE. See Hedera. 



RED SCALE. See Citrus. 



Alder. ALDER BLIGHT APHIS (Pemphigus tessettata) occurs in col- 

 onies on the branches and appears as conspicuous white! 

 woolly masses. 



Treatment. They may be dislodged by a stiff stream of 

 water or may be killed by spraying with kerosene emulsion. 

 SAW-FLY .LEAF-MINER (Kaliosysphinga dohrinii) feeds between 

 the upper and lower layers of the leaves, causing large blotch 

 mines. 



No remedy known. 



Allamanda. CITRUS WHITE FLY. See Citrus, 

 Almond. BLACK SCALE. See Citrus. 

 CLOVER MITE. See Peach. 

 COTTONY CUSHION SCALE. See Citrus. 

 PEAR THRIPS. See Pear. 

 SAN JOSE SCALE. See Apple. 

 Aloe. OLEANDER SCALE. See Hedera. 

 Amaryllis. NARCISSUS BULB-FLY. See Narcissus. 

 Ampelopsis. MYRON SPHINX (Ampelophaga myron). Large, green 

 or brown, smooth caterpillars occasionally defoliate the vines. 



Treatment. Hand-picking. 

 Annona. FLORIDA WAX SCALE. See Citrus. 

 Anthurium. FLORIDA WAX SCALE. See Citrus. 

 Apple. APHIDS or PLANT-LICE. There are three species which 

 commonly attack the opening buds and leaves of apple, 

 the leaf aphis (Aphis pomi), rosy aphis (Aphis sorbi) and bud 

 aphis (Siphocoryne arena?). 



Treatment. These small, soft-bodied insects may be con- 

 trolled by thorough spraying with "Black Leaf 40" tobacco 

 extract, three-fourths of a pint, in one-hundred gallons of 

 water, adding four pounds of soap. Make the application 

 before the leaves curl. 



AppLE-CuRCULio (Anthonomus quadrigibbtis). A soft, white 

 grub, about Yi inch long, living in the fruit. 



Treatment. Clean cultivation. Rake the small apples that 

 drop early out into the sun where they will dry up. 



CATALOGUE OF INSECTS, continued. 

 H F " SA -BEETLE (Graptodera foliacea). Brassy, green 

 beetle, % inch or less long, feeding upon leaves. 



Treatment. Arsenicals. Lime-sulfur or bordeaux mixture 

 as a repellent. 



APPLE LEAF-HOPPER (Empoasca mali).A slender pale yellow- 

 ish green bug; the nymphs are pale greenish and usually found 

 L^^fe#?^JT 1 * The.winter eggs are laid in 



, , -- e vv, j^Aiv/v-o &AWUA LIJC if av ra, 



causing them to turn pale and curl. It is most injurious to 

 nursery stock. 



T The y oun ? nymphs may be killed by spraying 

 With Black Leaf 40" tobacco extract, three-fourths of a pint 

 in one hundred gallons of water, adding three to four pounds 

 of soap. Nurserymen often catch the adults by the use of 

 sticky shields. 



APPLE LEAF-ROLLER (Archips ar gy rospila).A. green caterpillar 

 with a black head, 1 inch or less in length when mature, 

 attacks the opening buds roiling and Webbing together the 

 leaves, flowers and young fruit into a nest. Holes are eaten in 

 the young apples, deforming them. Eggs are laid in June in 

 small, flat masses on the bark and are covered with a smooth 

 varnish -like coating. They do not hatch till the following 

 spring. 



. Treatment. To kill eggs spray with miscible oil, one gallon 

 in fafteen gallons of water, making the application as late as 

 possible before the buds open. If the eggs have been neglected 

 recourse must be had to arsenate of lead, six pounds in one 

 hundred gallons water. Apply before the blossoms open. 

 APPLE MAGGOT (Rhagoletis promnella). A white maggot that 

 tunnels apples through and through, causing decay and falling 

 of the fruit. The parent flies appear the latter part of June 

 and early July and insert the eggs under the skin of the fruit. 

 Hibernation takes place in small puparia just below the sur- 

 face of the soil. Sweet and subacid varieties are most suscep- 

 tible, but others are sometimes attacked. 



Treatment. Clean cultivation. Spray when flies appear 

 with arsenate of lead, four pounds in one hundred gallons of 

 water. The addition of two or three gallons of molasses is 

 supposed to render the poison more attractive to the flies. 

 BROWN-TAIL MOTH (Euproctis chrysorrhsea). This highly 

 destructive European insect was introduced near Boston a 

 number of years ago, and is now rapidly spreading over New 

 England. The snow-white moths, with a large tuft of brown 

 hairs at the tip of the abdomen, appear in July and deposit 

 eggs on the leaves in elongate masses covered with brown hairs 

 from the body of the female. The caterpillars become only 

 partly grown the first season, and hibernate in conspicuous 

 nests, 3 or 4 inches long, at the tips of the branches. The black- 

 bodied caterpillars, clothed with rather long, brownish, sting- 

 ing hairs, complete their growth the next spring, feeding 

 ravenously on 4he tender foliage and causing great damage in 

 orchards, parks, and forests. 



Treatment. Cut out and burn all winter nests before the 

 buds start. In the spring, spray with arsenate of lead, as 

 recommended for the gipsy-moth. Prevent the ascent of cater- 

 pillars from other trees by banding the trunks with tangle- 

 foot. Keep the bands fresh by combing the surface every few 

 days. 



BUD-MOTH (Tmetocera ocellana). The small brown caterpillars 

 with black heads burrow into the buds, feeding on the opening 

 leaves and flowers and web them together. 



Treatment. Spray with arsenate of lead, four pounds in 

 one hundred gallons of water, just as the blossoms show pink, 

 and again as the last of the petals are falling. 

 CANKER-WORM, FALL (Ahophila pometaria). Wingless female 

 moths usually emerge from the ground in late autumn, crawl 

 up the trees and deposit their eggs on the smaller branches. 

 The eggs hatch in April or May and the blackish yellow-striped, 

 looping caterpillars defoliate the trees. 



Treatment. Band tree trunks in the fall with tanglefoot 

 or cotton batting to prevent ascent of moths. The young 

 canker-worms may be killed by spraying with arsenate of 

 lead, six pounds to one hundred gallons of water. 

 CANKER-WORM, SPRING (Paleacrita vemata). Habits similar to 

 the fall canker-worm, but the moths emerge in March and 

 ApriL Caterpillars are distinguished by having only two 

 pairs of prolegs. 



Treatment. ^Same as for fall canker-worm except the bands 

 should be applied in early spring. 



CASE-BEARERS. The pistol-oase-bearer (Coleophora malivaretta) 

 and the cigar-case-bearer (C. fletchereUa). The small cater- 

 pillars live in pistol or cigar-shaped cases, about } inch long, 

 that they carry around with them. They appear in spring 

 on the opening buds at the same time as the bud-moth, ana 

 may be controlled by the same means. 



CoDLiN-MoTH (Carpocapsa pomanetta). This is the pinkish 

 caterpillar which causes a large proportion of wormy apples. 

 The eggs are laid by a small moth on the leaves and the skin 

 of the fruit. Most of the caterpillars enter the apple at the 

 blossom end. When the petals fall, the calyx is open, and this 

 is the time to spray. The calyx soon closes, and keeps the 

 poison inside ready for the young caterpillars' first meal. 

 After the calyx has closed, it is too late to spray effectively. 

 The caterpillars become full-grown in July and August, leave 

 the fruit, crawl down on the trunk, and there most of them spin 

 cocoons under the loose bark. In most parta of the country 

 there are two broods annually. 



