1048 DISEASES AND INSECTS 



DISEASES AND INSECTS 



CATALOGUE OF INSECTS, continued. 

 Treatment. As the last of the petals are falling, spray with 

 four pounds arsenate of lead in one hundred gallons of water, 

 using a stiff spray to force it into the blossom end of the apple. 

 Repeat the application three weeks later. 



FALL .WEB- WORM (Hyphantria cunea). Hairy larva, about an 

 inch long, varying from gray to pale yellow or bluish black, 

 feeding upon the leaves of many trees, in tents or webs. 



Treatment. Destroy by burning the webs, or removing 

 them and crushing the larvae. Spray with arsenicals. 



FLAT-HEADED BOHER (Chrysobothris femorata). Larva about 

 an inch long, flesh-colored, the second segment ("head") 

 greatly enlarged; boring under the bark and sometimes into 

 the wood. They are readily located in late summer or fall by 

 the dead and sunken patches of bark. 



Preventive. Soap and carbolic acid washes applied from 

 May to July. Keep trees vigorous. 



GREEN FRUIT-WORMS (Xylina sp.). Yellowish or apple-green 

 caterpillars, striped with cream-color, 1 to 1 l /i inches in length 

 when mature, attack the opening leaves and blossoms and 

 eat holes in the developing fruit. The parent moths emerge 

 from hibernation in early spring and lay their eggs on the 

 smaller branches. One brood annually. 



Treatment. Thorough and repeated spraying with arsenate 

 of lead, six pounds in one hundred gallons of water, will kill 

 many of the young caterpillars. Make the application when 

 blossom clusters appear. 



GYPSY MOTH (Porthetria dispar). The full-grown caterpillar 

 is about 2 inches long, dark gray in ground-color with eleven 

 pairs of prominent tubercles on the back, the first five pairs 

 blue, the last six dark red. They become full-grown about 

 the first of July. They pupate in slight cocoons. The moths 

 emerge in seven to seventeen days. The male has a light 

 brown body, wings yellowish brown, and each front wing is 

 crossed by four wavy dark brown lines. In the female the 

 body is light buff and the wings grayish white. The dark 

 markings on the front wings are similar to those of the male. 

 The females do not fly, but each lays its eggs in a mass about 

 an inch in length covered with hairs from its body. Hiberna- 

 tion takes place in the egg stage. The eggs hatch just as the 

 buds are bursting. 



Treatment. Kill the eggs by saturating the masses with 

 crude coal-tar creosote, to which a little lamp-black has been 

 added as a marker. When the young caterpillars hatch, spray 

 the trees with arsenate of lead, ten pounds in one-hundred 

 gallons of water. When the caterpillars are half-grown, use 

 thirteen to fifteen pounds of lead arsenate. Full-grown cater- 

 pillars are very resistant to poisons. Band the tree trunks 

 with tanglefoot to prevent the ascent of wandering caterpillars. 



LEAF-BLISTER MITE. See Pear. 



LEAF-CRUMPLER (Mineola indigeneUa). Reddish brown cater- 

 pillars that live in slender, horn-shaped cases and feed on the 

 tender leaves. They hibernate as partly grown larvae and 

 attack the opening buds the following spring. They usually 

 live in a nest of several leaves fastened together with silk. 



Treatment. Gather the nests and burn them. Arsenicals 

 when the buds open. 



LESSER APPLE-WORM (Enarmonia prunivora). Similar to the 

 codlin-moth, but larvae often feed just under the skin of the 

 fruit, causing blotched areas. 



Treatment. As for codlin-moth. 



OYSTER-SHELL SCALE (Lepidosaphes ulmi). This is an elongate 

 scale (sometimes called bark-louse), Y% inch in length, resem- 

 bling an oyster-shell in shape and often incrusting the bark. 

 It hibernates as minute white eggs under the old scales. The 

 eggs hatch during the latter part of May or in June, the date 

 depending on the season. After they hatch, the young may be 

 seen as tiny whitish lice crawling about on the bark. When 

 these young appear, spray with kerosene emulsion, diluted 

 with six parts of water, or whale-oil, or any good soap, one 

 pound in four or five gallons of water. Where trees are 

 regularly sprayed with lime-sulfur, as for the San Jos6 scale 

 or blister mite, the oyster-shell scale is usually controlled. 



PALMER WORM (Ypsolophus pometellus). The brownish green, 

 white-striped caterpillars, % inch in length when mature, 

 skeletonize the tender foliage in June and eat holes in the 

 young apples. There is only one brood a year. 



Treatment. Spray with arsenate of lead, four pounds in 

 one hundred gallons of water when the caterpillars first appear. 



PLUM-CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nenuphar). A snout-beetle that 

 deforms the fruit by its characteristic feeding and egg-laying 

 punctures. The grubs develop in the fruit and cause it to fall. 

 Treatment. Spraying with arsenate of lead, as for codlin- 

 moth, whenever it can be applied with a fungicide so as not to 

 increase expense, will help to control the trouble. Thorough 

 superficial tillage of the surface of soil during July and August 

 will kill many of the pupae, and is recommended. For treat- 

 ment on plum, see under Plum. 



RED BUGS ( Heterocordylus malinus and Lygidea mendax). The 

 winter is passed as eggs inserted in the smaller branches. The 

 brilliant red nymphs appear as the buds open and feed on 

 the foliage for a time. Then they puncture the newly set 

 apples causing one of three things: some drop, some dry up and 

 remain on trees till next spring, and others mature as knotty, 

 misshapen, worthless fruit. One generation a year. 



Treatment. The young nymphs may be killed by thorough 

 spraying with "Black Leaf 40" tobacco extract, one pint in 

 one hundred gallons water, adding four pounds of soap, (1) 

 when blossoms show pink, (2) when the last of the petals are 

 falling. 



CATALOGUE OF INSECTS, continued. 



RED-HUMPED APPLE CATERPILLAR (Schizeura concinna). These 

 red-headed, black-and-yellow-striped caterpillars with a red 

 hump on the fourth segment often attract attention in August 

 and September by feeding in colonies on the ends of the 

 branches. 



Treatment. Spray for the young caterpillars with arsenate of 

 lead, four pounds in one hundred gallons of water. As they are 

 most troublesome on newly planted trees the older caterpillars 

 may be shaken to the ground and crushed under foot. 



RIBBED COCOON-MAKER (Bucculatrix pomifoliella. A minute 

 yellow or green larva feeding upon the upper surface of the 

 leaves, causing the lower surface to turn brown. The cocoons 

 are white and slender, and are laid side by side upon the under 

 side of twigs, where they are conspicuous in winter. 



Treatment. Lime-sulfur while tree is dormant. Arsenicals 

 for the larvae in summer. 



ROSE-CHAFER. See Grape. 



ROUND-HEADED BORER (Saperda Candida). A yellowish white 



frub with dark brown head, about 1 inch long when mature, 

 t is said to remain in the larval state three years. The parent 

 beetle is silvery white on the head and beneath; the thorax 

 and wing-covers are light brown: two silvery white stripes 

 extend from the head to the tip of the wing-covers. The eggs 

 are laid in slits in the bark, mostly in June. 



Preventive. Keep the beetles from laying eggs by spraying 

 the trunks several times during the spring and summer with 

 kerosene emulsion or by coating them with an alkaline wash 

 made from soap, caustic potash, and carbolic acid. Tarred 

 paper tree-protectors well tied at the top, or wire mosquito- 

 netting protectors closed at the top and encircling the trunk 

 so loosely that the beetles cannot reach the bark, are effective 

 in preventing egg-laying. Practise clean cultivation, and do 

 not let water sprouts or other rank vegetation encircle the 

 base of the tree. 



Remedial. Dig out the borers whenever they can be located 

 by discolored bark or by the sawdust thrown out of the burrow. 



SAN JOSE SCALE (Aspidiotus perniciosus). This scale is nearly 

 circular in outline and about the size of a pinhead. When 

 abundant it forms a crust on the branches, and causes small 

 red spots on the fruit. It multiplies with marvelous rapidity, 

 there being three or four broods annually, and each mother 

 scale may give birth to seyeral hundred young. The young 

 are born alive, and breeding continues until late autumn, 

 when all stages are killed by the cold weather, except the tiny, 

 half-grown, black scales, many of which hibernate safely. 



Treatment. Spray thoroughly in the fall after the leaves 

 drop, or early in the spring before growth begins, with lime- 

 sulfur wash, one gallon in eight gallons of water, or miscible 

 oil, one gallon in fifteen gallons of water. When badly infested, 

 make two applications, one in the fall and another in the spring. 

 In case of large, old trees, 25 per cent crude-oil emulsion should 

 be applied just as the buds are swelling. 



SCURFY SCALE (Chionaspis furfurus). This whitish, pear- 

 shaped scale, about % inch in length, often incrusts the bark, 

 giving it a scurfy appearance. It hibernates as purplish eggs 

 under the old scales. 



Treatment. Spray as recommended for oyster-shell scale. 



TENT-CATERPILLARS (Malacosoma americana and M. disstria). 

 Larvae nearly 2 inches long, spotted and striped with yellow, 

 white, and black; feeding upon the leaves. They congregate 

 in tents or in clusters on the bark at night and in cool weather, 

 and forage out upon the branches during the day. 



Treatment. Arsenicals, as for codlin-moth. Burn out nests 

 with torch, or cut them out and crush the larvae. Pick off 

 egg masses from twigs during winter and spring. 



TUSSOCK-MOTH (Hemerocampa leucostigma). A handsome, red- 

 headed, yellow and black tufted caterpillar, about an inch long, 

 which devours the leaves and sometimes' eats into the fruit. 



Remedial. Collect the frothy egg-masses in fall and winter 

 and band the trees to prevent a reinfestation by migrating 

 caterpillars. Spray with arsenicals as for codlin-moth, taking 

 care to cover the under side of the leaves. 



TWI&-BORER (Schistoceros hamatus). Beetle, % inch long, 

 cylindrical and dark brown, boring into twigs of apple, pear, 

 and other trees. The beetle enters just above a bud. 



Treatment. Burn the twigs. The early stages are passed in 

 dying wood, such as prunings, diseased canes, and in upturned 

 roots. Burn such rubbish, and thus destroy their breeding- 

 places. This is also a grape pest. 



Twio-GiRDLER (Oncideres cingulatus). Small branches are often 

 girdled by a handsome ash-sprinkled reddish brown beetle, 

 about Yi inch in length. The girdled twigs soon fall and the 

 grubs develop in the fallen branches. 



Treatment. Collect and burn all fallen branches. 



WOOLLY APHIS (Schizoneura lanigera). Small reddish brown 



Elant-lice covered with a conspicuous mass of white, waxy 

 bers, found on the branches, sprouts, trunks and roots. 



Treatment. For the form above ground drench the infested 

 parts with 15 per cent kerosene emulsion; for the underground 

 form remove the earth beneath the tree to a depth of 3 inches, 

 and apply 10 per cent kerosene emulsion liberally, and 

 replace the earth. In the case of nursery stock the emulsion 

 may be applied in a shallow furrow close to the row. Do not 

 set infested trees. 



YELLOW-NECKED APPLE CATERPILLARS (Datana ministra). 

 Apple branches are often defoliated in late summer by colo- 

 nies of black- and yellow-striped caterpillars about 2 inches in 

 length when mature. 



Treatment. Same as for Red-humped Caterpillar, which see. 



