DISEASES AND INSECTS 



DISEASES AND INSECTS 1057 



CATALOGUE OF INSECTS, continued. 



Strawberry. CROWN-BORER (Tyloderma fragarias). White grub, 

 K inch long, boring into the crown of the plant in midsummer. 

 The mature insect is a curculio or weevil. 



Preventives. Rotation of crops. Isolation of new beds from 

 infested beds. Plant uninfested plants. 



FULLER'S ROSE-BEETLE (Aramigus fulleri). White grub, J^ 

 inch long, feeding in the crown. The adult is a grayish brown 

 snout-beetle with a whitish bar on each wing-cover. 



Treatment. Short rotation. Plant on uninfested land. 

 LEAF-ROLLER (Ancylis comptana). Larva less than H inch 

 long, feeding on the leaves, and rolling them up in threads 

 of silk; two broods. 



Treatment. Turn under in the fall all old beds that have 

 become worthless. Spray with arsenate of lead, four pounds 

 in one hundred gallons of water, after the eggs are laid but 

 before the leaves are folded the first half of May in the 

 latitude of New Jersey. 



ROOT-BORER (Anarsia sp.). Larva about Yz inch long, whit- 

 ish, boring into the crown of the plant late in the season, and 

 remaining in it over winter. 

 Remedy. Burn the plant. 



ROOT- BORER (Typophorus canellus). A whitish grub J-g inch 

 in length feeding on the roots. The parent beetle is brownish, 

 and appears in great numbers in May. 



Treatment. Arsenicals to kill the beetles. Plant new beds at 

 a distance from old ones. 



ROOT- LOUSE (Aphis forbesii). From July to the close of the 

 season the lice appear in great numbers on the crowns and on 

 the roots of the plants. 



Remedies. Rotation in planting. Disinfect plants coming 

 from infested patches by dipping the crowns and roots in 

 kerosene emulsion, or tobacco extract. Fumigation. 

 SAW-FLY (Emphytus maculatus). Larva nearly % inch long, 

 greenish, feeding upon the leaves; two broods. 



Remedies. Hellebore; arsenicals for second brood. 

 WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus). Beetle J-g inch long, reddish 

 black, feeding on flower-buds, particularly those of the pollen- 

 iferous varieties. 



Preventives. Plant principally profusely flowering varie- 

 ties. Clean culture. Destroy all wild blackberry and rasp- 

 berry vines in the vicinity. 

 WHITE GRUBS. See Corn. 

 Sweet Pea. TARNISHED PLANT-BUG. See Aster. (They puncture 



and kill the flower-stems.) 

 Sweet Potato. CUTWORMS. Poisoned bait; late planting; keep 



the land free from weeds the previous fall. 



FLEA-BEETLE (Chxtocnema confinis). Small, dark-colored 

 beetles, which attack the plants soon after they are reset. 



Treatment. Dip the plants in a strong solution of arsenate of 

 lead before resetting, spray once or twice later with the same. 

 Rotation of crops. Destroy all bindweed and wild morning- 

 glory plants. 



ROOT-BORER (Cylas formicarius). A whitish grub J inch in 

 length, burrowing through the tubers. 



Preventive. Burn infested tubers and the vines. 

 SAW-FLY (Schizocerus ebnus and S. privatus). Small larva about 

 J4 inch long, working upon the leaves. The fly is about the 

 size of a house-fly. 



Remedies. Hellebore and arsenicals. 



TORTOISE BEETLES (Cassidini). Beetles of brilliant colors and 

 their slug-like larvse which eat holes in the leaves of newly 

 reset plants. 



Treatment. Same as for next. 



Tamarix. CANE-BORER (Schistocerus hamatus). Whitish grub, 

 % inch in length, burrowing in the twigs. 



Treatment. Cut and burn all infested branches. 

 Theobroma. CACAO BEETLE (Steirastoma depressum). Large 

 grubs, 1 Vt inches long, burrowing under the bark. 



Control. Dig out or kill with a wire. 



CACAO FRUIT FLY (Ceratitis punctata). A small maggot attack- 

 ing the pods. 



Treatment. Spray when flies appear with sweetened arsen- 

 ate of lead, four pounds to one hundred gallons of water. 

 CACAO THRIPS (Heliothrips rubrocincta). Small active insects 

 attacking leaves and pods. In the young the abdomen is 

 banded with red. 



Treatment. Careful cultivation to produce vigorous growth. 

 Thuya. BAGWORM. See Juniper. 



Tomato. FLEA-BEETLES. Dip the young plants in a strong solu- 

 tion of arsenate of lead. Bordeaux mixture acts as a repellent. 

 FRUIT- WORM (Heliothis obsoleta). Larva 1 inch in length, pale 

 green or dark brown, faintly striped, feeding upon the fruit. 

 Also on corn and cotton. 



Treatment. Hand-picking. Avoid planting close to corn 

 or cotton, or after either of these crops or after peas or beans. 

 Practise fall or winter plowing. 



TOMATO-WORM (Phlegethontius sexta and P. quinquemaculata). 

 A very large green worm feeding upon the stems and leaves 

 of the tomato and husk tomato. Seldom abundant enough to 

 be very serious; kept in check by parasites. 



Remedies. Hand-picking; rotation of crops; clean culture; 

 turkeys. 



WHITE-FLY (Aleyrodes vaporariorum). Tomatoes grown under 

 glass are often badly infested with white flies, the young of 

 which are scale-like and occur on the under side of the leaves. 



Treatment. Fumigation. 

 Toxylon. BAGWORM. See Juniper. 

 SAN JOSE SCALE. See Apple. 



CATALOGUE OF INSECTS, continued. 

 Tropaeolum. See Nasturtium. 

 Tsuga. BAGWOHM. See Juniper. 

 Turnip. See Cabbage. 

 Ulmus. CANKER-WORM. See Apple. 



ELM LEAF-BEETLE (Galerucella luteola). A small beetle, im- 

 ported from Europe, which causes great devastation in some 

 of the eastern states by eating the green matter from elm leaves, 

 causing the tree to appear as if scorched. 



Remedy. Arsenate of lead, six pounds to one hundred 

 gallons, just as the eggs are hatching. 



ELM SAW-FLY LEAF-MINER (Kaliosysphinga ulmi). A green- 

 ish white larva feeding between the two layers of the leaf, 

 causing large blotches; when abundant, the leaf dies and falls. 

 They sometimes kill the trees in two or three years. 



Treatment. While the blotches are small, spray with 

 "Black Leaf 40," tobacco extract, one gallon in 800 gallons 

 of water, adding four pounds of whale-oil soap to each hun- 

 dred gallons. 



LEOPARD MOTH (Zeuzera pyrina). White to pinkish caterpillars 

 boring at first in the smaller twigs and branches. Later the 

 nearly mature caterpillars attack the larger branches and trunk, 

 doing very serious injury. The white moths, beautifully 

 marked with black and blue, have a wing expanse of about 

 2 ^4 inches. 



Treatment. Cut off and destroy all infested branches. The 

 spread of the pest is very slow if the branches of the trees do 

 not interlace. 



WILLOW-WORM. See Salix. 

 Violet. APHIS. Fumigation when grown under glass. 



GALL-FLY (Contarinia violicola). The adult is a minute mos- 

 quito-like fly. The whitish or yellowish maggot feeds in folds 

 of the opening leaves, which become deformed, turn brown, 

 and die. 



Treatment. Fumigation is practically of no value. Thor- 

 ough hand-picking as soon as any sign of injury is noticed. 

 Do not let the pest become established in the house. 

 RED-SPIDER (Tetranychus bimaculatus). Minute mites which 

 cause the leaves to turn paler and become yellowish. 



Treatment. On greenhouse violets there is nothing better 

 than a stiff spray of clear water so applied as not to drench 

 the beds. Repeat the spraying once or twice a week. 

 Vitis. See Grape. 

 Walnut. See Hickory. 



Watermelon. MELON APHIS. See Muskmelon. 

 Yucca (Lonchsea chalybea). Small maggot destroying the buds. 

 Very serious pest. 



Treatment. Collect and burn all infested shoots. 

 LONG-HORNED BEETLE (Lagochirus obsoletus). A white grub 

 lH inches in length when mature, boring in the trunk and 

 doing great damage. The adult is a large reddish brown beetle 

 and feeds on the foliage. 



Treatment. When beetles are most abundant prune plants 

 to the ground and burn. Spray with arsenicals to destroy 

 beetles. 



SPHINX CATERPILLARS (Dilophonota etto). Large caterpillar 

 feeding on the foliage. The parent moth is a large hawk- 

 moth rather showily colored. 



Treatment. Arsenate of lead, six pounds to one hundred 

 gallons of water. 

 Zea. See Corn. C. R. CROSBY. 



ROBERT MATHESON. 



Spraying. 



Spraying is the art of protecting cultivated plants 

 from insect enemies and vegetable parasites by covering 

 them with a material which shall have a toxic or phys- 

 ically injurious effect upon the animal or vegetable 

 organism. 



Historical sketch. 



The history of spraying is interesting. The story of 

 its progress in America differs in details from the history 

 of its development in Europe, but the main features in 

 each country are very similar. In both places, insect 

 enemies made the first draft on the ingenuity of man 

 in devising methods by which to hold them in check. 

 Vegetable parasites were studied afterward. It is a 

 curious fact that, in the case of both insects and fungi, 

 in America, some of the most injurious forms came from 

 Europe and were the means of directing attention to 

 wholesale methods of destroying them. Some of these 

 enemies, comparatively harmless in their native home, 

 like the currant-worm and codlin-moth, have done 

 more to forward spraying methods in the United States 

 than anything else. 



The first insecticides used in America, as well as in 

 Europe, were not of a poisonous nature. They were 



