1098 



ECHINOPSIS 



ECHIUM 



about 10-14, longer, horizontally spreading, at first 

 yellowish brown, later horn-colored: fls. lateral or from 

 the upper areoles, 9-10 in. long, clear white, with a 

 pale greenish midline in the petals. S. Brazil. 



tubifldra, Zucc. (E. Duvdlii, Hort. E. Zuccarinii, 

 Pfeiff.). Sts. spherical to ellipsoidal, at first simple 

 but later more or less branching, reaching 10 in. 

 height by 8 in. diam., dark green: ribs 11-12, straight, 

 with margins inconspicuously undulate: radial spines 

 numerous, sometimes as many as 20, unequal, hori- 

 zontally or obliquely spreading, yellowish white with 

 brown tips, sometimes darker; centrals 3-4, the 

 lowest the longest, reaching %in., later deflexed: fls. 

 lateral, about 14 in. long, white with pale green midline 

 in the petals. S. Brazil and Uruguay. B.M. 3627. 



C. H. THOMPSON. 



ECHINOSPfiRMUM: Lappula. J. N. RoSE.f 



ECHINOSTACHYS (Greek, spiny head). Brome- 

 lidcese. About a half-dozen species allied to ^Echmea 

 (with which some writers unite it), from S. Amer. 

 Outer fl. parts bristly; petals broadly clawed, with 

 2 fringed scales or glands; ovary thick and fleshy, 

 3-seeded; spike cylindrical, thin, club-shaped: lys. 

 small, becoming darker after flowering. The species 

 require hothouse conditions, as for ^Echmea and 

 related things. Three names have appeared in the 

 American trade: E. Hystrix, Wittm., for which see 

 Mchmea Hystrix. E. Pineliana, Wittm. (M. Pineliana, 

 Baker). Two to 3 ft. : peduncle and bracts brilliant red : 

 Ivs. 12-18 in. long in a rosette, strap-shaped, deltoid at 

 summit, spine-edged: spike dense, 2-3 in. long, spiny; 

 petals golden yellow and becoming black-brown, the 

 tips fringed and incurved. Brazil. B.M. 5321. E. Van 

 Houtteana, Van Houtte (M. Van Houttedna, Mez. 

 Quesnelia Van Houtteana, Morr.). Lvs. many, strong- 

 spined, sometimes white-banded beneath: fls. white, 

 blue-tipped, in a crowded spike, the bracts reddish at the 

 summit and white-downy at the base: 1-2 ft. Brazil. 



L. H. B. 



ECHITES (Greek, viper; possibly from its poisonous 

 milky juice or from its twining habit). Apocyndcese. 

 Tropical American twining shrubs related to Dipla- 

 denia, and of similar culture. 



The genus differs technically from Dipladenia in 

 the 5-lobed disk and the glandular or 5-scaled calyx. 

 Lvs. simple, opposite, penninerved: fls. usually showy, 

 purple, red, yellow or white, in sub-cymose clusters; 

 calyx small, 5-lobed, with many glands at the base 

 inside or else 5 scales opposite the lobes; corolla salver- 

 shaped, the throat usually contracted, the limb 5-lobed; 

 stamens included, the filaments very short; stigma 

 with an appendage in the form of a reversed cup or of 

 5 lobes. Some 40 species, S. Fla. to Chile. 



Andrews!!, Chapm. (E. suberecta Andr.). Lvs. 1^4-2 

 in. long, close together, oval or oblong, mucronate, acute 

 or rounded at the base, margins revolute: peduncles 

 axillary, 3-5-fld., shorter than the Ivs.; fls. yellow, 2 in. 

 long; corolla-tube much dilated above the insertion of the 

 stamens, bell-shaped, scarcely longer than the lobes; 

 anthers tapering into a long bristle-like awn. Sandy 

 shores, S. Fla., W. Indies. B.M. 1064. P.M. 7:101. 



paludosa, Vahl. Lvs. oblong, oval-oblong, or lanceo- 

 late-oblong, rounded toward the mucronate top: calyx- 

 segms. glandular, devoid of an interior scale, oblong, 

 mucronate-blunt, spreading; corolla-tube funnel-shaped 

 above a cylindrical base; anthers oblong-lanceolate, 

 acuminate, rounded-cordate at the base, hirsute on the 

 back above. Mangrove swamps, S. Fla. 



umbellata, Jacq. Lvs. ovate or ovate-roundish, 

 mucronate: fls. greenish white; calyx-segms. glandular, 

 devoid of an interior scale; corolla-tube cylindrical, 

 enlarged below the middle, tapering again above; 

 anthers rigid, tapering from a hastate base, glabrous. 

 S. Fla., W. Indies. WILHELM MILLER. 



ECHIUM (from the Greek for a viper). Boraginacese. 

 VIPER'S BUGLOSS. Coarse, mostly rough herbs and 

 shrubs, with spikes of blue, violet, red or white flowers, 

 some of them grown in the open and others under glass. 



Plant usually scabrous, hispid or canescent: Ivs. 

 alternate: fls. in unilateral, scirpioid, forked or simple 

 spikes, with either small or foliaceous bracts; calyx 

 with 5 narrow lobes; corolla tubular-trumpet-shaped, 

 the throat oblique and dilated and without appendages; 

 corolla-lobes 5, roundish and unequal, somewhat 

 spreading or erect; stamens 5, inserted below middle 

 of tube, unequal and exserted; ovary deeply 4-lobed; 

 style filiform, 2-parted at top: fr. 4 nutlets. Some 

 30-40 species, from the Canaries and Madeira (where 

 they are specially important) to W. Asia. One species, 

 E. vulgare, Linn., is a showy intro. biennial weed in 

 fields and along roadsides, with blue or rose-tinted fls.; 

 it is known as blue-weed and blue-devil. The shrubby 

 species of Madeira and the Canaries are much confused, 

 some of the names having been established on cult, 

 material. This is particularly true of the forms passing 

 as E. candicans and E. fastuosum, which are very 

 unsatisfactorily determined (See Hooker, B.M. 6868). 

 In those islands, the plants produce much forage and 

 they persist from the goats in inaccessible places. (The 



Eortraits quoted below are cited under the names they 

 ear.) 



In rich soil echiums grow coarse and scarcely flower, 

 and the flowers are never as richly colored as when 

 the plants are more or less starved. Biennials seed 

 freely, and the seed is sown as soon as gathered. E. 

 fastuosum is said to be the handsomest of the shrubby 

 kinds, grows 2 to 4 feet high, has long, pale green 

 leaves covered with soft white hairs, and flowers of a 

 peculiarly brilliant deep blue. Echiums are eminently 

 suited for dry places, and need good drainage. 



candicans, Linn. f. (E. fastuosum, Jacq. f., not Ait. E. 

 truncdtum, Hort.). Forms a bush several feet high, but 

 flowers at 3 ft., the Ivs. and sts. white-hairy: branches 

 thick, leafy toward the tips: Ivs. lanceolate, the upper 

 ones smaller, crowded and narrower: panicles much 

 looser than the spikes of E. fastuosum; fls. sessile, pale 

 blue, the buds reddish purple, the pink stamens pro- 

 truding. Madeira, Canaries, on mountains. B.M. 

 6868. B.R. 44. G.C. III. 51:368. G^M. 55:376. The 

 fls. are said sometimes to be streaked with white or all 

 white. 



fastuosum, Ait., not Jacq. This has darker blue fls. 

 in a dense spike and perhaps less hoary foliage than E. 

 candicans, the protruding filaments nearly white (said 

 by some to be white in E. candicans) . Coast, Canaries. 

 R.H. 1876:10. Gn. 10:546. G.C. III. 33:328. G.W. 

 15, p. 356. E. fastuosum has dark blue, 5-lobed fls. 

 about J^in. across, in spikes 6 in. long and 2 in. wide, 

 perhaps as many as 200 fls. in a spike. Great masses of 

 stamens are thrust out and add to the interest, and the 

 young fl.-buds look like pink 5-pointed stars. 



simplex, DC. Woody but biennial and not branched, 

 8-10 ft.: Ivs. ample, oval-lanceolate: panicle very long, 

 cylindrical, spike-like, the spikelets 2-fld., pedicelled; 

 stigmas simple. R.H. 1912, p. 351. Gt. 51, p. 375. 

 G.C. III. 53:20. 



E. Auberianum, Hort., not Webb & Berth. =E. Bourgeanum. 

 E. Bourgeanum, Webb. Stout and strict, 8-11 ft., the st. covered 

 with long-linear drooping Ivs.: fls. rose-colored, in a dense pyrami- 

 dal spike, ^fountains, Canaries. R.H. 1912, p. 440. G.C. III. 

 53:25. A striking plant. E. callithyrsum, Webb. Woody or tree- 

 like, robust, hispid-hairy: Ivs. strongly nerved: calyx-segms. very 

 unequal: fls. pale red: floral Ivs. exceeding the different cymes of 

 the thyrse. Canaries. E. formdsum, Pers.=Lobostemon. E. 

 Pininana, Webb. & Berth. Very large species, reaching 16 ft., 

 with an abundance of stout spreading long-oblong lys. G.C. III. 

 53:20. E. Wildpretii, Pears. A tall soft-hairy biennial, with sim- 

 ple erect st. 2-3 ft.: Ivs. sessile, narrowly linear-lanceolate, hairy: 

 fls. pale red with long-exserted filaments, in a large terminal thyrse: 

 floral Ivs. much exceeding the different cymes. Canaries. B.M. 

 7847. G.C. III. 38:5; 52:317. G.M. 53:111. Gn. 76, p. 363. G. 



27 :26L WILHELM MILLER. 



L. H. B.f 



