1148 



ETHERIZATION 



EUCALYPTUS 



4. It is wasted effort to etherize a plant that readily 

 responds in growth to the normally favorable growth 

 condition. 



Bibliography. Howard, W. L., "Winter Rest-Period 

 in Plants." Missouri Experiment Station, Research 

 Bulletin No. 1 (1910). Johannsen, W., "Das Aether- 

 verfahren beim Fruhtreiben mit besonderer Beriick- 

 sichtigung der Fliedertreiberei." Jena, 1900. Zweite 

 wesentlich erweiterte Auflage. Jena, 1906. Stuart, W., 

 "The Role of Anesthetics and Other Agents in Plant- 

 Forcing," Vermont Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 

 150 (1910). LEWIS KNUDSON. 



ETROG. This name is applied by the Jews to a 

 citron (Citrus Medica, Linn.), which is imported and 

 used by them for religious ceremonies connected with 

 the Feast of the Tabernacles. The etrog and the 

 lulab (palm leaf with myrtle and willow branches) are 

 carried and waved during the services, especially those 

 of thanksgiving. Since the time of the anti-Jewish 

 demonstrations in Corfu in 1891, the etrog is imported 

 more largely from Palestine than from that island. In 

 addition to the use of the etrog by orthodox Jews for 

 religious ceremonials, the natives of Palestine make 

 salads of the fruit. See Citron. 



WALTER T. SWINGLE. 



EUCALYPTUS (Greek, eu, well; kalypto, to cover as 

 with a lid: the petals and usually also the calyx-limb 

 fused and covering the flower before anthesis, then 

 falling off in the form of a lid, or cover). Myrtacese. 

 GUM-TREE. Plate XXXIX. Mostly trees, frequently 

 of immense size, a few of the alpine and sub-alpine 

 species shrubby, much grown in California and the 

 Southwest for their ornamental value, as windbreaks 

 and avenue trees, for fuel, and especially for their 

 timber. 



Leaves simple, entire; in the seedlings and on young 

 shoots of many species horizontal, opposite, sessile, 

 and cordate; in the adult mostly vertical, alternate, 

 petiolate (rarely opposite and sessile), and varying 

 from roundish to lanceolate-acuminate and falcate; 

 always rigid, penni veined, glabrous except rarely on 

 the young shoots, sometimes covered with a glaucous 

 wax: fls. white, rarely yellowish or some shade of red, 

 in umbels of 3 to many, rarely solitary, the umbels 

 solitary and axillary or paniculate or corymbose; 

 calyx-tube obconical, campanulate, ovoid, or oblong, 

 adnate to the ovary at the base; petals and calyx-lobes 

 connate, forming a lid, or cap, which separates from 

 the calyx-tube by a circumscissile dehiscence; lid some- 

 times plainly double, the outer cap then derived from 

 the calyx-limb, the inner cap from the petals; stamens 

 numerous; anthers small; style undivided: fr. a caps, 

 partially or wholly inclosed in the adherent calyx-tube, 

 opening at the top by 3-6 valves; seeds numerous, small, 

 mostly angular. About 300 species, all native of 

 Austral, and the Malayan region. Related to Ango- 

 phora and to Syncarpia, but distinguished by the 

 absence of distinct petals. 



The genus Eucalyptus was monographed in part by 

 Baron von Mueller in his Eucalyptographia (cited 

 here as F. v. M. Eucal.), in which 100 species are 

 illustrated (1879-84). The genus is now receiving 

 exhaustive treatment by J. H. Maiden in his "Critical 

 Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus," appearing in parts, 

 with numerous plates. This author also furnishes the 

 best information regarding the uses and timber of the 

 various species, in his "Native Useful Plants of Aus- 

 tralia." Bentham described 135 species in his "Flora 

 Australiensis," vol. 3 (1866). The Australasian Asso- 

 ciation for the Advancement of Science published a 

 very useful key by J. G. Luehmann in 1898. The most 

 exhaustive American work on the genus is United 

 States Forestry Bulletin No. 35, "Eucalypts Culti- 

 vated in the United States," by A. J. McClatchie. 

 University of California Agricultural Experiment 



Station Bulletin No. 196, by Norman D. Ingham, is 

 a practical guide for planters, with descriptions of the 

 more important species. The United States Forest 

 Service, the California Station, and the California 

 State Board of Forestry have all issued smaller 

 bulletins on this subject. Inflated claims have been 

 made for eucalyptus culture, and authentic publications 

 should be secured if one contemplates planting them 

 extensively. 



Eucalyptus is a group adapted to semi-tropical and 

 warm temperate regions. But few species are really 

 hardy. E. globulus has been very widely distributed 

 over the globe through the persevering efforts of the late 

 Baron von Mueller; it is frequently planted in the 

 malarial regions of warm climates, as at the Campagna 

 at Rome, with very beneficial effect. (Sanitarians will 

 be interested in "Eucalyptus in Algeria and Tunisia, 

 from an Hygienic and Climatological Point of View," 

 by Edward Pepper, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 35:39-56.) 

 In England, the same species is grown extensively for 

 subtropical gardening, on account of its distinctive 

 glaucous hue and symmetrical growth, but in that 

 climate it needs the protection of glass in winter. 



This is by far the most important genus of timber 

 trees introduced into California. The ordinary blue- 

 gum, E. globulus, has been grown in large numbers 

 and is still the favorite for general planting. Its 

 hard and durable wood is replacing oak and hickory 

 to some extent for insulator pins, wheel-wrights' 

 work, flooring, tool-handles, and furniture. Although 



Sale in color, it takes a good polish, possesses a beauti- 

 il grain, and is readily stained. Furniture made 

 from blue-gum wood and properly stained has every 

 appearance of mahogany. The chief drawback to 

 the use of eucalyptus for lumber is the tendency of 

 its logs to end-check while curing, thus involving con- 

 siderable waste. As a windbreak and fuel tree it is 

 unsurpassed, since it is of rapid, erect growth and the 

 timber is easily split. Its foliage has been distilled 

 in large quantities for the oil it contains, practically 

 all of the eucalyptus oil now sold in the United States 

 coming from home-grown trees. 



In addition to the blue-gum, E. rostrata and espe- 

 cially E. tereticornis are grown for railroad ties, piling, 

 interior finish and furniture. E. resinifera is a hardy 

 eucalypt yielding a good timber not so liable to check 

 as that of some others; it has been but little grown in 

 America thus far. E. corynocalyx is a good drought- 

 resistant species for districts with mild winters, and 

 its wood is of the best. E. crebra will grow under a 

 greater range of conditions than perhaps any other and 

 is especially suited to the hot and dry interior valleys. 

 Other drought-resistant eucalypts are E. microtheca 

 and E. polyanthemos, while the most resistant to frost 

 are E. crebra, E. rostrata, E. tereticornis, E. globulus, E. 

 viminalis, E. rudis, E. robusta, and E. resinifera. The 

 species most cultivated as ornamentals are E. ficifolia, 

 E. leucoxylon, E. sideroxylon var. rosea, E. Risdonii, E. 

 erythronema and E. polyanthemos. Persistently repeated 

 accounts of heights ranging from 325 to 500 feet for 

 certain eucalypts are erroneous, as indicated under E. 

 amygdalina var. regnans. 



Although the eucalypti are not exclusively, and some 

 species not even prominently horticultural, yet because 

 of the great general interest attached to them and 

 because of their varied uses, it is thought best to 

 discuss them rather fully in this Cyclopedia. 



Culture of eucalyptus in California. 



The following directions for the propagation of 

 Eucalyptus are adapted very largely from Bulletin No. 

 196 of the California Experiment Station, entitled 

 "Eucalyptus in California," by Norman D. Ingham 

 (1908). 



The necessary conveniences for the propagation of 



