1252 



FLOWER 



FONTANESIA 



male prothallium is inclosed in the pollen-grain and 

 the female prothallium within the embryo-sac. The 

 spore-bearing chamber or chambers (sporangia) corres- 

 ponding to the capsule in the mosses are borne on 

 leaves (sporophylls) in the ferns and fern allies. If 

 these terms used for the mosses and ferns are now 

 applied to the organs of the higher plants the termi- 

 nology will be as follows: Stamens, microsporophylls; 

 anther-chambers, microsporangia; pollen-grain, micro- 

 spore; nuclei within pollen-grain, male prothallium 

 (male gametophyte) ; carpel, megasporophyll; ovule, 

 megasporangium; embryo-sac, megaspore; cells within 

 embryo-sac except embryo, female prothallium (female 

 gametophyte); the embryo growing from the fertilized 

 egg is the daughter sporophyte. A mature seed, there- 

 fore, contains parts of three generations; seed-coats 

 and nucellus, if present = sporophyte; endosperm 

 (according to one interpretation) =gametophyte; and 

 embryo = daughter sporophyte . This terminology is now 

 gaining ground over the old in morphological circles 

 for it shows the relation of the flower to organs in the 

 lower groups. K. M. WIEGAND. 



FLOWER-DE-LUCE. The origin of the Fleur-de-lis 

 of the French coat of arms is not known. By some it is 

 supposed to represent the head of a spear, by others the 

 flower of a lily. It has also been derived from the 

 points of a crown and from several animal forms, as 

 bees and toads. Apparently, the iris has nothing to do 

 with the heraldic Fleur-de-lis. This name as applied 

 to iris is of later origin and of a purely botanical sig- 

 nificance, referring chiefly to I. germanica. See under 

 "Fleur," Larousse, Dictionaire du XIX Siecle, 8:450. 



H. HASSELBRING. 



FLOWER-FENCE, BARBADOES: Poinciana pulcherrima. 

 FLOWER-OF-AN-HOUR: Hibiscus Trionum. 

 FLOWERING MAPLE: Abutilon. 



FLtJGGEA (for Fluegge, a German botanist of early 

 19th century). Euphorbiacese. Tropical shrubs, some- 

 times cult, in the greenhouse: Ivs. alternate, simple, 

 entire: fls. apetalous, the staminate in axillary clusters, 

 with imbricate calyx and rudimentary pistil, the pis- 

 tillate borne singly, and with a lobed disk present, 

 styles slender ovules 2 in each of the 3 cells: seeds 

 grooved on the inner face. Six species in the Old 

 World tropics. Related to Phyllanthus. One species, 

 F. leucopyrus, Willd., with orbicular to obovate Ivs. and 

 edible white berries has been intro. to cult, in Eu. It 

 is a bushy shrub from Asia south to Austral, and is 

 said to need rich mold and moist high temperature. 

 Prop, by cuttings. j. B. S. NORTON. 



FCENICULUM (diminutive from the Latin for hay, 

 because of its odor). Umbelliferse. About four species 

 of annual, biennial and perennial herbs, spread from the 

 Canaries to W. Asia, one being the FENNEL of gardens 

 (which see). Glabrous, often tall: Ivs. pinnately decom- 

 pound, the segms. linear or filiform: fls. yellow, in 

 compound umbels, the calyx-teeth obsolete, the petals 

 broadish, emarginate: fr. oblong or ellipsoidal, not 

 laterally compressed, the carpels half-terete, ribbed 

 and flattened. F. vulga\re, Hill (F. officinak, All. F. 

 Famiculum, Karst.), of S. Eu., the fennel, is a perennial 

 of short duration, cult, as an annual or biennial for 

 its aromatic seeds and Ivs.: erect and branched, 3-5 

 ft.: Ivs. 3-4 times pinnate, the ultimate segms. very 

 narrow and thread-like and rather stiff in the wild and 

 in dry places but very slender when cult., the petioles 

 broad and clasping: umbels large, of 15-20 or more 

 rays. Often run wild. Under cult., the petiole has 

 become broad and sheathing and other changes have 

 taken place. What are considered to be horticultural 

 forms have been described as distinct species: var. 

 piperitum, Hort, (F. pipmtum, DC.), the carosella of S. 



Italy, the young sts. of which, inclosed in the sheathing 

 petioles, are eaten raw in the early season; var. dulce, 

 Alef. (F. dulce, Mill.), the finocchio or Florence fennel, 

 a low-growing condensed plant, with very large If .-bases. 



L. H. B. 



FOKIENIA (named after the Chinese province 

 Fokien where the tree grows). Pinacese. A tree inter- 

 mediate in its characters between Chamaecyparis and 

 Libocedrus, resembling the latter in the foliage and in 

 the seeds having 2 very unequal lateral wings; the cone 

 is subglobose and composed of numerous peltate scales, 

 each bearing 2 seeds. One species in Fokien. F. 

 Hodginsii, Henry & Thomas (Cupressus Hddginsii, 

 Dunn). Tree to 40 ft.: branchlets much flattened, the 

 lateral Ivs. with spreading acute apex, green above and 

 with white markings below: cone 1 in. long, ripening 

 the second year. G.C. III. 49:66, 67. Suited only for 

 cult, in warmer temperate regions. ALFRED REHDER. 



1541. House constructed without rafters. 



FOLIAGE PLANTS. A term used to designate plants 

 that are grown for the general effect of their foliage 

 rather than for their flowers. The term is indefinite. 

 In some cases, and more correctly, it is used for plants 

 with unique or interesting leaves usually colored as 

 coleus, Rex begonia, peperomia, calathea, farfugium. 

 In other cases it is used to designate plants of full 

 foliage and graceful habit, plants that are prized for 

 their general habit quite as much as for the characters of 

 the individual leaves. Of this latter class, ferns, palms, 

 grevillea, screw pine, araucaria, fatsia, ricinus, are 

 leading examples. The latter class contains the most 

 popular commercial subjects, and they are much used 

 in room and table decorations. The plants are often 

 rented for use in temporary decorations. For the cul- 

 ture of foliage plants, refer to the various genera. 



FONTANESIA (after Rene Louiche Desfontaines, 

 prominent French botanist, 1752-1833, director of the 

 botanical garden at Paris). Oleacese. Shrubs grown for 

 their handsome foliage. 



Deciduous, glabrous: branches quadrangular: Ivs. 

 opposite, short-petioled, entire: fls. perfect, small, in 

 axillary clusters forming terminal leafy panicles; 

 calyx minute, 4-parted; petals 4, narrow, small; sta- 

 mens 2, exceeding the petals; ovary superior, usually 

 2-celled; stigma 2-lobed: fr. a flat, winged nutlet. Two 

 species in W. Asia and China. 



These are slender -branched shrubs with rather 

 narrow leaves and small whitish flowers in short ter- 

 minal panicles. They retain the foliage unchanged until 

 late in fall, and are well adapted for shrubberies, grow- 

 ing in any good garden soil. F . Fortunei is hardy as 

 far north as Massachusetts, F. phillyraeoides only half- 

 hardy. Propagation is readily effected by greenwood 

 cuttings under glass in early summer; also by layers 

 and by seed. 



