GARDEN CITIES 



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orange, with a rind of similar thickness and edible 

 segments of form and arrangement like those of an 

 orange. It is brilliantly colored outside with rich pur- 

 ple. The flavor is said to suggest something between 

 a grape and a peach. Numberless efforts are said to 

 have been made to naturalize this tree in the tropics 

 without success. The successful ripening of this fruit 

 under glass may be regarded 

 as an achievement. See 

 Mangosieen. 



Mangostana, Linn. MAN- 

 GOSTEEN. Height 20-30 ft.: 

 Ivs. 7-10 in. long, elliptic- 

 oblong, acuminate, leathery, 

 nerves horizontal and very 

 numerous: fls. (male) IK in. 

 diam., purple or yellow-red, 

 in few-fld. terminal fascicles; 

 sepals orbicular, and petals 

 broad-ovate and fleshy: fr. 

 about 2% i n - diam., dark 

 purple with large flat seeds. 

 Malay region. B.M.4847. L. 

 B.C. 9:845. F.S. 22:2359. 

 G.C. II. 4:657. G.W. 3, p. 8. 



Morella, Desr. GAMBOGE 

 TREE. Height 30-50 ft. : Ivs. 

 more tapering at both ends, 

 4-6 in. long, the veins indis- 

 tinct: fls. yellowish, male fls. 

 about 3 in the axils, the 

 sepals very small; female fls. 1620- Gamole pi s 



larger, solitary, the stammodes Tagetes. A good yel- 

 about 12: fr. resembling a low-fld. composite 

 Morello cherry in size, slightly for edgings. (X%) 

 4-lobed. Bengal to Siam. 

 L. H. B.f 



GARDEN and GARDENING. The word garden 

 etymologically means an inclosed space, and garden- 

 ing is historically distinguished from agriculture by 

 being within an inclosure of some kind instead of in 

 the open fields. Gardening operations are usually 

 conducted on a smaller scale than those of agriculture 

 and by more intensive methods. Gardening and horti- 

 culture are really synonymous terms, but, by usage, a 

 horticulturist is supposed to have a more extended 

 training and wider range of activities than a gardener. 

 Moreover, the word gardening now suggests more of 

 the private, homelike and personal point of view, 

 whereas the most distinctive feature of American hor- 

 ticulture is the immense commercial importance of 

 fruit-growing on a large scale, and a marked emphasis 

 of the professional side of a fruit-grower's work; and 

 in later years, it is marked also by the very extensive 

 vegetable-gardening and floricultural development. 

 The history and discussion of gardening are, therefore, 

 set forth in this book under Horticulture. Large private 

 places are often divided into fruit-garden, kitchen- 

 garden and flower-garden. Fruit-growing (which see) is 

 the same as pomology. Kitchen-gardening, in its widest 

 sense, is the same as vegetable-gardening (which see), or 

 the more learned word, olericulture; but the expression 

 kitchen-gardening is now less common, and usually 

 indicates the private and uncommercial point of view, 

 whereas market-gardening and truck-gardening (which 

 are practically the same) are now the chief words 

 used for the wholesale and commercial side of vege- 

 table-gardening in the United States. Flower-gar- 

 dening, a third primary division of gardening, is the 

 same as floriculture (which see). Under ornamental 

 gardening and landscape gardening are explained the 

 two different points of view in the use of plants and 

 flowers for their own separate values or when grouped 

 for artistic effects, the nature-like or picturesque con- 

 ception being set forth under landscape gardening, and 



84 



the artificial or merely decorative styles under orna- 

 mental gardening. 



It is customary to speak of gardening as the amateur 

 and personal practice of horticulture. One makes a 

 garden. One derives from the garden not only the 

 plants and products that may be harvested, but also 

 the satisfactions in plant-growing, the reaction to forms, 

 fragrances and colors, and the 

 gain of close contact with the 

 out-of-doors. The first garden 

 that one may have should be 

 personal, for his own growth 

 and development. Naturally, 

 this will be in some personal or 

 retired part of the grounds. In 

 recent years, however, there has 

 been a marked socialization of 

 gardening, making it a contribu- 

 tion to public cleanliness and 

 beauty and a means of educating 

 the people. In America, this ap- 

 plication of the gardening spirit 

 to civic improvement has been 

 very marked, as evidenced in 

 the taking away of fences be- 

 tween adjoining properties and 

 the development of a street as a 

 unit. This is a great gain to 

 public spirit and to social feel- 

 ing; but this in no way interferes 

 with the personal garden for the 



sheer love of it, to be grown in a place all one's own. 

 Persons desiring to find advice on specific gardening 

 matters, should refer to the different genera under their 

 respective heads; also to the articles under Landscape 

 Gardening, and to such cultural entries as Alpine 

 Plants, Annuals, Arboriculture, Autumn Gardening, 

 Banks, Bedding, Biennials, Border, Bulbs, Evergreens, 

 Ferns, Herbary, House-plants, Orchids, Palms, Peren- 

 nials, Rock-Gardening, Shrubbery, Spring-Gardening, 

 Subtropical Gardening, Succulents, Vegetable-Garden- 

 ing, Wall-Gardening, Water-Gardening, Kitchen-Garden, 

 Wild-Garden, and others. L. H. B. 



GARDEN CITIES. Instead of being a community 

 in which gardens are the dominant feature, the garden- 

 city form of urban dwelling-place implies primarily 

 an industrial town of limited size and of definitely 

 advanced economic ideals. While there were in Eng- 

 land, where the idea originated, several prior develop- 

 ments, the example which has best typified the aims 

 and practicability of the garden city is that sometimes 

 known as Letchworth, but actually named Garden 

 City, in Hertfordshire, about thirty-five miles from 

 London. The genesis of this enterprise appears to 

 have been in the reception given to a little book 

 entitled "To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform," 

 issued in 1898, and written by Ebenezer Howard, then 

 a London stenographer. The stated purpose was "to 

 organize a migratory movement of population from 

 our over-crowded centers to sparsely settled rural com- 

 munities." In detail, Howard proposed "to find for 

 our industrial population work at wages of higher pur- 

 chasing power, and to secure healthier surroundings 

 and more regular employment. To enterprising manu- 

 facturies, cooperative societies, architects, engineers, 

 builders and mechanicians of all kinds, as well as to 

 many engaged in various professions, it is intended to 

 offer a means of securing new and better employment 

 for their capital and talents, while to agriculturists it 

 is designed to open a new market for their produce 

 close to their doors. Its object is, in short, to raise 

 the standard of health and comfort of all true workers 

 of whatever grade, the means by which these objects 

 are to be achieved being a healthy, natural and eco- 

 nomic combination of town and country life, and this 



