GOOSEBERRY 



1357 



in hand by the florists, would prove quite as useful for 

 spring flowering as the popular Cytisus racemosus." 



lotifolia, Salisb. Often misspelled "latifolia," 

 but the name means "lotus-leaved." A tall much- 

 branched glabrous shrub: Ifts. ovate or obovate, very 

 blunt, about %in. long: racemes loose, 

 many-fld.; the fls. yellow with purple mark- 

 ings near the base. B.M. 958. J.H. III. 

 29:484. H.F. II. 6:358 Likely to be con- 

 fused with Argyrolobium Andrewsianum, 

 belonging to the Crotalaria subtribe, in 

 which the seeds are not strophiolate. In 

 Argyrolobium the 3 Ifts. are digitate and 

 the stipules, bracts and bractlets small but 

 persistent. A. Andrewsianum has sparsely 

 silky Ivs. In Goodia the stipules, bracts 

 and bractlets are very evanescent. 



WILHELM MILLER. 



N. TAYLOR, f 



GOODYERA (after John Goodyer, British 

 botanist, who helped Johnson in his edition 

 of Gerarde's Herbal). Orchidacese, tribe 

 Polychondrese. Dwarf terrestrial orchids of 

 minor importance which are cultivated 

 chiefly for their variegated foliage. 



Leaves radical, usually reticu- 

 lately veined: fls. in dense or loose 

 spikes; labellum saccate; anther 

 on the back of the column. About 

 25 species. They have scapes 8-18 

 in. high at most. Difficult to grow; 

 require shade. Includes 

 the rattlesnake plantain. 



A. Plants hardy natives. 



B. Labellum strongly in- 

 flated, with a short tip. 



pubescens, R. Br. RATTLE- 

 SNAKE PLANTAIN. Fig. 1661. Lvs. 

 ovate, deep green; veins netted, 

 white: scape stout; spike dense, 

 ovate in outline before anthesis; 



fls. globular whitish; beak of 1662 . Goodyera repens var . ophioides . 

 stigma short, obscure. Aug. New- s ^ denser than common . ( x ^ 

 foundland to Fla., west to Mich, 

 and Minn. L.B.C. 1:1. B.B. 1:474. Mn. 2:54. F.S. 

 15:1555. A.G. 12:281; 13:520. C.L.A. 4:108. Gn.M. 

 4:15. Should be grown in ordinary loam mixed with 

 pine needles and dry pine twigs. Not well suited for 

 greenhouse cult. 



BB. Labellum saccate, with an elongated tip. 

 c. Beak of the stigma shorter than its body. 



repens, R. Br. Lvs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate: 

 veins dark: spike 1-sided; labellum with a recurved 

 tip. L.B.C. 20:1987. Eu. Var. ophioides, Fern. (Fig. 

 1662), is the American form of this species, with very 

 broadly marked Ivs. 



cc. Beak as long as or longer than the stigma. 



tesselata, Lodd. (G. pubescens var. minor). Lvs. 

 broadly ovate to oblong-lanceolate; venation exceed- 

 ingly variable: scape slender; spike loose; fls. white; 

 labellum less saccate than in G. repens; tip straight. 

 N. U. S. and Canada. B.M. 2540. L.B.C. 10:952 

 Confused by tradesmen with the next. Should be 

 planted out in a rockery in shade, the roots being 

 firmly placed among dead pine needles and loam. 



BBS. Labellum scarcely saccate, margin involute. 



Menziesii, Lindl. Plant rather large, the st. some- 

 times 18 in. high, being taller than G. tesselata: Ivs. 

 ovate-lanceolate, dark green; veins netted: spike some- 

 what 1-sided, rather densely fld. W. U. S. to N. New 

 England. Advertised by Dutch dealers. 



AA. Plants tender exotics, cult, under glass. 



B. Lvs. with a whitish midvein. 



velutina, Maxim. Fls. whitish, tinged rose: Ivs. ovate, 

 velvety, purplish green, with white rib. Japan. F.S. 

 17:1779. 



BB. Lvs. with white, netted veins. 

 Schlechtendaliana, Reichb. f. (G. japonica, Blume). 

 In general appearance like G. tesselata. Lvs. ovate: 

 spike loose; fls. white. Japan. 



G. Dawsoniana and G. discolor. See Hsemaria. G. nuda, 

 Thouars. Lvs. variegated: fls. whitish, with petals and midveins 

 of sepals light brown. Mascarene Isls. -G. querdcola. See Physurus. 

 By some botanists, the name Goodyera is given up. The spe- 

 cies referred to Goodyera are then by some authors placed in Pera- 

 mium; by others the old application of the name Epipactis is used, and 

 in that case what we have been calling Epipactis goes in Serapias. 

 Following this latter disposition, the characterization of Epipactis 

 is the same as the characterization given here for Goodyera, the 

 name Epipactis merely supplanting Goodyera. Under Epipactis, 

 the above goodyeras take names as follows: E. Willdenovii, House 

 (Goodyera pubescens, R. Br., Peramium pubescens, MacM., Epipac- 

 tis pubescens, A. A. Eaton, not Pursh). E. repens, Crantz (Good- 

 yera repens, R. Br.) E. tesselata, A. A. Eaton (Goodyera tessel- 

 ata, Lodd.). E. decipiens, Ames (Goodyera Menziesii, Lindl.). 

 E. velutina, A. A. Eaton. E. Schlechtendaliana, A. A. Eaton. 

 Under Serapias, the following synonyny would occur: SERA- 

 PIAS, Linn. Sp. PI. 949, 1753. Helleborine, (Tourn.) J. Hill., 

 Brit. Herbal 477, 1756. Epipactis, Zinn, Cat. PI. Hort. Goett. 85, 

 1757. Adans. Fam. 2:70. 1763. Amesia, Nelson & MacBride. 

 Bot. Gaz. 56:472. 1913. Species: Serapias Helleborine, Linn.; 

 Serapias atrorubens, Hoffm. Serapias gigantea, A. A. Eaton 

 (=Epipactis Royleana, Lindl.), and several others. If Peramium 

 is used for Goodyera, the synonymy becomes: PERAMIUM, 

 Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1:301. 1812. Epipactis, (Haller) Boehm. 

 in Ludw. Definit. Gen. PI. 1760. Not Zinn 1757. Goodyera, R. 

 Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, ed. 2, 5:197, 1813. Species: 

 Peramium pubescens, MacM.; Peramium decipiens, 

 Piper (=Goodyera Menziesii, Lindl.); Peramium tessela- 

 tum, Heller; Peramium ophioides, Rydberg (=Goodyera 

 repens var. ophioides Fernald). QAKES AMES. 



L. H. B.f 



GOOSEBERRY. A bush-fruit, 

 grown for its large berries, which are 

 mostly consumed green in cookery. 



The gooseberry has received com- 

 paratively little attention in America, 

 although in northern Europe, and 

 especially in the British Isles, it has 

 long been a prime favorite, and a 

 great improvement has taken place 

 in its size there during the last 200 or 

 300 years. When it was first culti- 

 vated in Europe probably in the sixteenth century 

 the wild fruit, if it was like what it is now, would be 

 only about % inch in diameter and less than one 

 quarter of an ounce each in weight. The largest goose- 

 berries which have been produced in recent years aver- 

 age several times this size, the largest one of which 

 there is a record weighing two ounces, although there 

 are doubtless larger specimens produced. The English 

 and European gooseberries are derived from a species 

 native of northern Europe, Ribes Grossularia (Figs. 

 1663, 1664). The varieties of Ribes Grossularia do not 

 succeed well in America as a general rule, although in 

 some places they do weU. The chief obstacle to their 

 successful culture is the gooseberry mildew, which it 

 has been found very difficult to control. 



As late as 1846 no cultivated varieties of American 

 species of gooseberries were mentioned by writers, an 

 early reference, according to Bailey, being in 1849 in 

 the "Northern Fruit Culturist," by Goodrich, where the 

 author writes: "We have it from good authority that 

 native sorts have been discovered both in New Hamp- 

 shire and Vermont well adapted to garden culture." In 

 1847 the Houghton's Seedling was exhibited at a meet- 

 ing of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, this 

 being the first improved form of the native gooseberry 

 of which there is a record. This variety was originated 

 or found by Abel Houghton, Jr., Lynn, Massachu- 

 setts. It is probably a seedling of the native species, 

 Ribes hirtellum (Figs. 1665, 1666, 1667). The first 

 improvement on the Houghton was the Downing (Fig. 



