GRAPE 



1381 



duced varieties of good marketable value adapted to 

 those regions, from natives of the regions, or hybrids 

 of natives with hardiest foreign kinds. In the case of 

 California, the vinifera varieties are mostly grown 

 because the climate and other conditions are so similar 

 to those of the native region of the vinifera. But the 

 South has chiefly planted the northern and foreign 

 varieties which succeed but indifferently in most south- 

 ern localities, and has neglected almost entirely its 

 native varieties until quite recently. Now experi- 

 menters have shown that most excellent and very 

 successful varieties of all colors and seasons can be and 

 have been produced by selection and hybridization 

 of some of the large fine-fruited varieties. 



While the foregoing predicts by actual existence in 

 practical market vineyards in a number of localities in 

 the South what is in store for the South as a whole, the 

 present state of grape-culture in that region at large is 

 a different matter. Information gathered from best 

 sources throughout the South shows that grape-culture 

 is a very small industry. 



Varieties. 



The leading varieties cultivated in 

 the northern sections of the South are 

 Catawba, Concord, Delaware, Early 

 Victor, Elvira, Ives, Moore Early, 

 Moore Diamond, Niagara, Norton 

 Virginia, Perkins, Worden, Wyoming. 

 Favorable mention is made of America. 

 Beacon, Brilliant, Campbell Early, Gold 

 Coin, Green Mountain, Laussel, Ozark, 

 Presly. 



East of Texas and south of Tennes- 

 see, the following are chiefly planted: 

 Brighton, Champion, Concord, Dela- 

 ware, Diana, Diamond, Elvira, Goethe, 

 Hartford, Herbemont, Ives, Missouri 

 Reisling, Moore Early, Niagara, Nor- 

 ton Virginia (Cythiana), Perkins, Wor- 

 den. Of the muscadine class for wine: 

 Flowers, James, Mish, Scuppernong, 

 Thomas. Favorable mention, of varie- 

 ties testing, is made of Brilliant, 

 Bertrand, Carman, Fern, Gold Coin, 

 Jaeger (Fig. 1731), Laussel, Margue- 

 rite, Superb. In the southwestern section, west of the 

 96th meridian, are chiefly planted the Herbemont, 

 Jacquez (Black Spanish, Lenoir), Niagara and Golden 

 Chasselas, Malaga and some other vinifera varieties 

 near the Gulf coast and in western Texas under irriga- 

 tion. By several who have had them under trial for 

 several years favorable mention is made of Bertrand, 

 Brilliant, Carman, Fern, Jaeger, Marguerite, Muench, 

 Neva, Perry, as furnishing successful table and wine 

 grapes for this region. 



The following varieties are superior for commercial 

 and home planting in the South, especially the South- 

 west, and some in the North: Headlight, Brilliant, 

 President, Captivator, Hidalgo, Hernito, Delakins, 

 Salamander, R. W. Munson, Mericadel, Ericson, 

 Krause, Bailey, Extra, Blondin, Jaeger, Carman, Ellen 

 Scott, Armalaga, Edna, Fern, Last Rose, named in 

 order of ripening. These cover a season of ripening in 

 north Texas (latitude of Atlanta, Georgia), from June 

 25 until September 15 or later. They include white, 

 red and black colors in their different shades, many 

 comparing favorably in appearance and quality with 

 the better vinifera grapes, while the vines are all per- 

 fectly hardy in the South and some of them far north, 

 making a fine record in New York and even about 

 Boston. Some of these varieties are now planted 

 largely along the Gulf coast country, where vine-cul- 

 ture was supposed to be impossible a few years ago. 



The section of Texas south of San Antonio, lying 

 between the Gulf and the Rio Grande River, as large 



in area as the state of New York, has a climate and soil 

 excellently suited to the vinifera grapes, and in the 

 last six years, since railroads began to ramify that 

 section, and where irrigation facilities are afforded, 

 considerable plantations of vinifera grapes have been 

 made, the Flame Tokay, Malaga (Pense), Muscat of 

 Alexandria, Cornichon, Black Morocco, and so on, 

 being the varieties chiefly used. Of course these require 

 grafting upon resistant stocks, in all but the very 

 sandy soils. 



Georgia. 



For Georgia, Hugh N. Starnes contributes the fol- 

 lowing notes: 



"Leading varieties of grapes for Georgia are as fol- 

 lows: Ives, Concord, Niagara, Delaware, Moore 

 Early, Goethe, Lindley; and for wine, Norton Virginia, 

 Scuppernong and Thomas. 



"The general distance apart to plant is 10 by 10 feet; 

 Delawares 8 by 8 feet; Rotundifolias 30 feet. Single- 



1731. Jaeger. Hybrid of Vitis Lincecumii and an 

 sestivalis offshoot. (~X. 1 A) 



stake spiral method of training is chiefly used, and 

 either spur-renewal or cane-renewal pruning employed, 

 according to circumstances. Some growers employ 

 trellises instead of single stakes, using either one or 

 two wires and adopting the umbrella Kniffin or low 

 wire arm spur Kniffin system of training. 



"Very little wine is now made in this state, and that is 

 nearly all claret from Norton Virginia, Ives or Concord. 

 In southern Georgia a poor article of Scuppernong wine 

 is made, but it is not adapted to trained palates. 

 Delaware and Goethe blended are sometimes used 

 to make a very good Rhine wine, and when prop- 

 erly handled sometimes produce an excellent article. 

 Goethe must, reinforced with 20 per cent of Cali- 

 fornia brandy, makes a good pale sherry; yet it is 

 difficult to sell wine here profitably. When it can be 

 sold at all, prices range from 50 cents to $2 a gallon, 

 according to the grade. Grape vinegar, while generally 

 regarded as inferior to cider vinegar, will bring about 

 25 or 30 cents at retail and 20 cents wholesale, and at 

 these figures is more profitable than wine. 



"When sold fresh, the grapes are generally shipped in 

 refrigerator cars in ten-pound baskets to different 

 northern points. Later shipments take a southerly 

 direction to Atlantic, and Gulf seaports. Sometimes 

 the regulation six- or nine-carrier peach-crates are used 

 for shipping grapes, but are not so satisfactory as the 

 ten-pound separate baskets. Delawares are generally 

 shipped in five-pound baskets. Returns are uncertain. 

 They vary from \}/2 cents a pound to 5 cents accord- 



