HELIANTHEMUM 



HELIANTHUS 



1445 



grayish tomentose on both sides or green above, 

 }/jj-%in. long: fls. white, the petals with yellow blotch 

 at the base, about 1 in. across, in 4-8-fld. cymes; outer 

 sepals oblong or linear, inner ones broadly oval, ^- 

 Kin. long. S. W. Eu., N. Afr. S.C. 49. 



6. apenninum, Lam. (H. polifdlium, Pers.). Upright 

 or procumbent subshrub, hoary - pubescent : Ivs. 

 petioled, elliptic to linear-oblong, grayish tomentose 

 on both sides or green above, %-%, rarely to \]/z in. 

 long: fls. white, the petals with yellow blotch at the 

 base, 1 in. across in 3-10-fld. cymes; outer sepals 

 linear-oblong, inner ones broadly oval, about J^in. 

 long. W. and S. Eu., W. Asia. S.E.B. 2:159. S.C. 62. 

 R.F.G. 3:33 (4554). Var. rdseum, Grosser (H. rho- 

 ddnthum, Dun. H. pulverulentum var. rdseum, Willk.). 

 Lvs. lanceolate, acutish, i^-lj^ in. long: fls. over 1 

 in. across, pink to crimson. S.C. 7. 



BB. Stipules lanceolate or subulate, all longer than the 

 petioles: fls. normally yellow, also white or pink. 



7. Chamaecistus, Mill. (H. vulgare, Gartn. H. 

 varidbile, Spach). Fig. 1793. Low procumbent sub- 

 shrub, rarely upright: Ivs. petioled, usually flat, 

 ovate to linear-lanceolate, green on both sides, hairy 

 or nearly glabrous, %-!% in. long: stipules lanceolate: 

 fls. normally yellow, about 1 in. across, in many-fld 

 loose racemes; outer sepals much shorter than the inner 

 broadly oval ones. Eu., W. Asia., N. Afr. L.B.C. 3:202. 

 R.F.G. 3:30 (4547, as var. concolor). G.W.H. 111. 

 This is an exceedingly variable species and numerous 

 forms are cult, in European gardens; the following are 

 perhaps the most noteworthy: Var. grandiflorum, Fiek 

 (H. grandiflorum, Lam.). Lvs. ovate to oblong, green 

 on both sides: fls. yellow, 1J^ in. long. Var. cupreum, 

 Grosser (H. hyssopifdlium var. cupreum, Sweet). Lvs. 

 oval to lanceolate, green on both sides: fls. copper- 

 colored, darker toward the base, 1J^-1J^ in. across. 

 S.C. 58. Var. tomentosum, Grosser (H. tomentosum, 

 Dun. H. angustifdlium, Pers. H. polifdlium, Hort.). 

 Lvs. oblong to oblong-lanceolate, flat or revolute at the 

 margin, white-tomentose beneath, M~/^i n - long: fls. 

 yellow. S.E.B. 2:158 and S.C. 34 (as H. vulgare). 

 R.F.G. 3:30 (4547, as var. discolor). There is a double- 

 fld. form, var. tomentosum multiplex, Grosser. S.C. 64. 

 Var. rdseum, Grosser (H. rdseum, Sweet). Lvs. lanceo- 

 late, white-tomentose beneath: fls. pink, 1J^ in. across. 

 A form with semi-double fls. is var. rdseum multiplex. 

 S.C. 86. Var. venustum, Grosser. Lvs. lanceolate, 

 revolute, white-tomentose beneath: fls. crimson with 

 yellow eye, over 1 in. across. S.C. 10. Var. mutabile, 

 Grosser. Lvs. ovate-oblong, flat, grayish tomentose 

 beneath: fls. at first light rose, changing to lilac, finally 

 nearly white. S.C. 106. R.F.G. 3:35 (4556). Var. 

 stramineum, Grosser. Lvs. oval to oblong-lanceolate, 

 flat, white-tomentose below: fls. bright straw-yellow, 

 over 1 in. across. S.C. 93. There is a double-fld. form, 

 var. stramineum multiplex. S.C. 94. Var. diversifolium, 

 Grosser. Lvs. oval to oblong- or linear-lanceolate, 

 white-tomentose beneath: fls. purplish pink, the petals 

 with a darker copper-colored blotch at the base. S.C. 

 95. A double-fld. form with purplish red fls. is var. 

 diversifolium multiplex. S. C. 98. Var. macranthum, 

 Grosser. Lvs. ovate-oblong, rather large, thinly grayish 

 tomentose beneath: fls. white, nearly 1% in. across, the 

 petals blotched yellow at the base. S.C. 103. There is 

 a form with very double fls., var. macranthum multi- 

 plex. S.C. 104. 



8. sulphureum, Willd. (H. apenninum x H. Chamae- 

 cistus). Procumbent sub-shrub: Ivs. petioled, lanceo- 

 late, hairy on both sides, dark green above, grayish 

 beneath, }/?-%m. long; stipules subulate: fls. sulfur- 

 yellow, darker toward the base, about 1 in. across; the 

 2 outer sepals very small, narrow-lanceolate, the inner 

 ovate. S.C. 37. There is a form with pink fls., var. 

 roseum (S.C. 51 as H. canescens), and one with copper- 

 colored fls., var. cupreum (S.C. 66). 



H. alpfstre, Dun. (H. oelandicum var. alpestre, Benth.). Ces- 

 pitose subshrub: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, hairy or 

 glabrescent, l /z-%\n. long: fl. yellow, l Ava.. across. Mountains of 

 S. Eu. S.C. 2. //. globularixfolium, Pers. (Tuberaria globularii- 

 fotia, Willk.). Perennial; Ivs. mostly radical, long-stalked, ovate, 

 hairy, 1-2 in. long: fls. in simple or branched racemes, yellow with 

 purple eye, 1 % in. across. S. Eu., N. Afr. B.M. 4873 (as H. 

 Tuberaria). H. lunulatum, Lam. Cespitose subshrub: Ivs. ellip- 

 tic-oblong, green on both sides, glabrescent or sparingly hairy, 

 Ji-Kin. long: fls. solitary, yellow, J^in. across; petals with crescent- 

 shaped spot at the base. Italy. R.F.G. 3:26 (4529). H. Tuberaria, 

 Mill. (Tuberaria vulgaris, Willk.). Perennial: Ivs. mostly radical, 

 oval-lanceolate to obovate, grayish tomentose beneath, 1-3 in. long: 

 fls. in simple or branched racemes, yellow, 1 Yi in. across. S. Eu., 

 Afr. S.C. 18. H. Tuberaria, Hook. f.=H. globularisefolium. 



ALFRED REHDER. 



HELIANTHUS (Greek, helios, the sun, and anthos, 

 a flower). Composite. Including Harpdlium. SUN- 

 FLOWER. Hardy herbaceous perennial and annual 

 plants, rather coarse in habit, with yellow flowers 

 which are mostly large, numerous and borne in autumn. 



Leaves generally opposite below and alternate above, 

 but this is not a constant character : heads pedunculate, 

 solitary or corymbose, terminating the st. or branches; 

 disk-fls. perfect, yellow, brown or purplish, with a 

 tubular 5-limbed corolla; rays neutral, yellow. Alto- 

 gether there are about 60 species, mostly N. American, 

 and many of the plants grown for sunflowers are now 

 considered as belonging to other genera. The genus 

 is very variable, and there are also many natural 

 hybrids; hence the species are difficult to delimit. 

 The old notion that the flower-heads follow the sun from 

 east to west has been substantiated for H. annuus. (See 

 Botanical Gazette, vol. 29:197.) Garden monographs 

 are found in Gn. 27, p. 66; 45, p. 372; 49, p. 326 and 

 55, p. 146. 



Sunflowers are of the easiest culture, and are adapted 

 to a variety of soils. They are seen to best advantage 

 when planted in masses, rather than as solitary speci- 

 mens, and should be given plenty of room, being gross 

 feeders. Most sunflowers, especially H. annuus, are 

 too coarse to be harmonious near the house, but find an 

 effective setting in the background, against the shrub- 

 bery border. A few species, however, especially H. 

 orgyalis and H. debilis, are worth growing for their 

 foliage alone. The annual species are propagated by 

 seeds or cuttings; the perennial chiefly by division. 

 All varieties of H. multiflorus root readily from both 

 soft and hardwood cuttings. The double forms rarely 

 produce fertile seeds and must be propagated by 

 division. The seeds of annuals may be planted directly 

 in the border, but it is best to start them indoors in 

 March. Perennial kinds, particularly forms of H. 

 multiflorus, should be taken up in late fall or early 

 spring, every two years, and the rootstocks divided 

 and replanted; otherwise the roots will ramble away, 

 and the flowers will deteriorate. All thrive in a light, 

 dry soil; but H. annuus and H. giganteus may be used 

 to advantage for drying malarial spots. Sunflowers 

 do not thrive in very shady places. 



Commercial uses and cultivation of the common sunflower. 

 (M. G. Kains). 



Sunflowers (H. annuus) are cultivated extensively 

 in Russia, India and Egypt; less widely in Turkey, Ger- 

 many, Italy and France. The seeds from the large- 

 seeded variety are sold upon the streets in Russia as we 

 do peanuts, except that they are eaten raw. The small- 

 seeded variety is preferred for the manufacture of oil. 

 When cold-pressed, a citron-yellow sweet-tasting oil, 

 considered equal to olive or almond oil for table use, is 

 produced. The resulting oil-cake, when warm-pressed, 

 yields a less edible fluid, which is used for lighting, and 

 in such arts as woollen dressing, candle- and soap-mak- 

 ing. The oils dry slowly, become turbid at ordinary 

 temperatures and solid at 4 F. For stock and poultry 

 feeding, and for other purposes, sunflower oil-cake is 

 about equal in value to that of flax- and cotton-seed. 

 The cake is largely exported by Russia to Denmark and 



