1506 



HORTICULTURE 



HORTICULTURE 



were of two general types: the unconventional personal 

 garden, without form but not void, in which things 

 grew in delightful democracy; the conventional, box- 

 bordered, geometrical garden, in which things grew in 

 most respectful aristocracy. There were many inter- 

 esting and elaborate private gardens in the colonial 

 days. One of the earliest and best was that of Governor 

 Peter Stuyvesant, of New Amsterdam (New York, 

 near Third Avenue), known as the "Bouwerie," where 

 forty or fifty negro slaves, and also white servants, 

 were kept at work. "The road to the city has been put 

 in good condition, and shade trees were planted on each 

 side where it crossed the Governor's property." The 

 Bowery of these degenerate days has lost the Eden- 

 like features that distinguished its illustrious progen- 

 itor. 



Excellent gardens were attached to the residences of 

 wealthy persons by the middle of the eighteenth cen- 

 tury, and probably earlier, and they were said to have 

 been encouraged by the example and precept of Wash- 

 ington. There are records of many meritorious collec- 

 tions of plants a century and more ago. William Ham- 

 ilton's collection at Philadelphia was one of the best, 

 and it contained a large collection of exotics. It flour- 

 ished toward the close of the eighteenth century, and 

 was broken up in 1828. William Jackson began "a 

 highly interesting collection of plants at his residence in 

 Londongrove," Pennsylvania, in 1777. About 1800 

 Joshua and Samuel Pierce, East Marlborough, Pennsyl- 

 vania," began to adorn their premises by tasteful cul- 

 ture and planting," and by the establishment of an arbo- 

 retum of evergreens. The most famous botanic garden 

 which North America has had was John Bartram's, 

 established at Philadelphia in 1728 (p. 530). It con- 

 tained a great collection of native plants, and some of 

 the trees are now amongst the most valued landmarks 

 of the city. Bartram was a skilful farmer and gardener, 

 and his sons, John and William, inherited his tastes and 

 continued the garden. The elder Bartram was probably 

 the first American to perform successful experiments in 

 hybridization. Bartram's house (Fig. 1851), built by 

 himself , is still one of the sights of the environs of Phila- 

 delphia, and the site of the garden, with many of the old 

 trees standing, is now happily a public park. Bartram's 

 cousin, Humphry Marshall, established a botanic gar- 

 den at West Bradford, in Chester County, Pennsylvania, 

 in 1773 (p. 348) . John Bartram's name is preserved in 

 the moss Bartramia, and Marshall's in the genus Mar- 

 shallia, applied to small Composite of the eastern states. 

 The Elgin botanic garden, near New York, was estab- 

 lished in 1801 by David Hosack, a man of great learn- 

 ing and of the keenest sympathies with rural occupa- 

 tions. He is now remembered in the interesting genus 

 Hosackia, one of the LeguminosaB. A botanic garden 

 was established at Charleston, South Carolina, about 



1804, and one in Maryland about the same time. The 

 Botanic Garden at Cambridge, Mass., was begun in 



1805, an institution which, together with the Profes- 

 sorship of Natural History at Cambridge, was founded 

 largely through the efforts of the Massachusetts Society 

 for Promoting Agriculture. The society subscribed 

 $500 for the purpose, and raised more by subscription. 



Development of horticulture in Canada in particular. 

 (W. T. Macoun.) 



Horticulture in Canada is about 300 years old. Its 

 development began with the French who settled in 

 Acadia (now the province of Nova Scotia), and along 

 the banks of the St. Lawrence River, and planted seeds 

 and trees brought with them from France. Owing to 

 the small population and the difficulty in transporta- 

 tion, it was not until about sixty years ago that com- 

 mercial horticulture may be said to have begun (say 

 about 1850), but with the rapid increase of population 

 and transportation facilities the development in recent 

 years has been rapid. The growth of the fruit industry 



in the province of Ontario may be given as an example 

 of how rapidly horticulture is developing in Canada. 

 In 1859 the Ontario Fruit-Growers' Association was 

 formed. In 1881 the first cooperative shipments of 

 fruit were made, but cooperation was slow in developing 

 for some years after. Spraying with paris green for the 

 control of codlin-moth was practised in 1889 and shortly 

 afterward spraying with bordeaux mixture for the 

 control of apple-scab was begun. In 1895 the Depart- 

 ment of Agriculture began to give demonstrations in 

 spraying. Now spraying is very general throughout 

 Canada. In 1894, fruit experiment stations, mainly for 

 testing varieties of fruits, were established in different 

 parts of Ontario by the provincial government. By 

 1904, the cooperative movement was developing 

 rapidly, by 1908 there were thirty-five cooperative 

 organizations in the province, and in 1914 there were 

 fifty-seven. In 1904, the first provincial fruit and 

 flower show was held in the city of Toronto and there 

 has been one annually ever since, its importance 

 increasing every year. The agricultural college at 

 Guelph, through its horticultural courses, has been of 

 great assistance in the development of this industry. 

 The district representatives who carry demonstration 

 work and diffuse information throughout the counties 

 have been of great service in the different provinces. 

 In other provinces, especially in the provinces of Nova 

 Scotia and British Columbia, there has also been great 

 development in fruit-culture in recent years. 



The Dominion government has done much to aid 

 horticulture in Canada. The Experimental Farms were 

 established in 1887, on an Act passed in 1886, and now 

 there are eighteen scattered from the Atlantic to the 

 Pacific (page 1195). The Fruit Marks' Act (now the 

 Inspection and Sales Act), passed in 1901, has mate- 

 rially helped the fruit industry in establishing definite 

 grades of apples and requiring more careful packing 

 than in former years. Other Acts passed by the Domin- 

 ion government in recent years have been a great aid. 

 In recent years, fruit crop-reports have been pub- 

 lished monthly, part of the year, which have been of 

 great assistance to the fruit-growers. 



The canning of fruit is developing rapidly in Canada 

 and the outlook for still more extensive growth in 

 this branch of the industry is very bright. 



The census of Canada for 1911 gives the total number 

 of fruit trees in Canada as 20,812,556; the area occu- 

 pied by fruit trees as 376,322 acres and the estimated 

 capital value of fruit trees as $127,000,000. 



As Canadians have become better off, there has been 

 a growing demand for flowers and vegetables out of 

 season and there has been a fairly rapid increase in the 

 area under glass. It is estimated that there are now 

 over 6,000,000 square feet devoted to floriculture, with 

 an estimated capital invested of $1,500,000, and an 

 annual output of $1,800,000; but this will soon be 

 much larger. 



The growing of vegetables began with the first set- 

 tlement of Canada, and as the villages, towns and 

 cities multiplied, the vegetable-growers supplied their 

 needs. Now there are large areas devoted to the com- 

 mercial culture of vegetables. In the province of 

 Ontario many vegetables are canned and large quanti- 

 ties of corn and tomatoes particularly are grown for 

 this purpose. In recent years the vegetable-growers 

 have organized and in Ontario there is a provincial 

 association. 



For further information, see British North America, 

 Vol. I, pp. 559-76. 



Early horticulture in California in particular. 

 (Charles Howard Shinn.) 



California horticulture is in the main patterned after 

 the south-European types, and to this extent it orig- 

 nated from Spanish-Mexican sources. The horticul- 

 ture of California's high mountain valleys approxi- 



