1688 



IRRIGATION 



ISLAND DEPENDENCIES 



The Ontario Agricultural College reports experiments 



as follows: Non- 

 Irrigated, irrigated. 

 Maturity 



Leaf June 22 July 4 



Head July 10 July 26 



Weight of crop 



Leaf 20 Ibs., 5 ozs. 11 Ibs., 3 ozs. 



Head 25 Ibs., 15 ozs. 9 Ibs., 1 oz. 



Quality Fine Bitter 



At the outset it was pointed out that the heavy cost 

 involved in making conditions favorable for crop-pro- 

 duction renders it almost essential that vigorous meas- 

 ures be taken to prevent loss by drought. Now that the 

 possibilities and advantages of irrigation have been 

 indicated, it is well to emphasize the importance of 

 making every other condition favorable. If every 

 factor is favorable except the moisture factor and one 

 other, and money is invested in irrigation, and the other 

 factor prevents the maturing of a profitable crop, the 

 situation of the grower is worse than before by the 

 amount of his new investment. 



An application of water equal to an inch of rain over 

 an acre requires 27,152 gallons, as has been said. 



To deliver this water, No. 1 Skinner nozzles with 

 pressure of forty pounds should be placed 4 feet apart 

 in the line and the lines should be 56 feet apart; nine 

 hours and twenty-three minutes at forty pounds pres- 

 sure is the time required. The disharge for each nozzle 

 is 24.1 gallons a minute. 



Ninety-four and two-tenths feet of elevation gives 

 forty pounds pressure. 



A four horse-power gasolene engine and duplex pump 

 will deliver approximately 100 gallons a minute at 

 thirty pounds pressure, at a cost of roughly 10 cents 

 an hour. 



A 2J^-inch pipe will deliver 100 gallons a minute 

 at a distance of 100 feet, and a 3^-inch pipe is required 

 for' distances between 500 and 700 feet. 



With No. 1 outdoor nozzles, a nozzle line 150 feet 

 long may be composed entirely of %-inch pipe. 



A line 250 feet long needs 100 feet of %-inch and 150 

 feet of 1-inch pipe. 



A line 700 feet long needs 90 feet of %-inch, 160 feet 

 of 1-inch, 175 feet of 1%-inch, 175 feet of 1^-inch 

 and 100 feet of 2-inch pipe. PAUL WORK. 



ISABELLA. (Isabel, Comtesse d' Eu, patroness of 

 horticulture). Orchiddcese. One Brazilian creeping 

 epiphyte, 1-lvd., with small reticulated pseudobulb, 

 said to require treatment of maxillaria. 7. virgindlis, 

 Rodr. Fls. white, solitary; sepals nearly equal, the 

 middle one free, the others connate and produced into 

 a spur; petals small, narrow, the lip upright, entire. 

 0. 1911, p. 8. Apparently little known in cult. 



L. H. B. 



ISATIS (ancient name, of obscure meaning). Cru- 

 dferas. Herbs, for ornament and for dyeing. 



Annual, biennial, perennial ; erect, branching, gla- 

 brous or pubescent or rarely tomentose: Ivs. undivided, 

 the upper ones clasping and auricled : fls. small, yellow, 

 many in lax racemes, without bracts; sepals and petals 

 4 : pod large and mostly flat, pendulous, linear to oblong 

 or obovate or even nearly circular, indehiscent, strong- 

 ribbed on either side, 1 -seeded, the stigma sessile; 

 radicle mostly incumbent. Species about 50, Eu., N. 

 Afr., Asia. 



This genus includes the dyer's woad, 7. iinctoria, 

 formerly cultivated for a blue dye but no longer adver- 

 tised. Caesar relates that the ancient Britons used the 

 woad for staining their bodies, and the word Britain 

 itself comes from an old Celtic word meaning painted. 

 Before indigo became common in Europe, the dyer's 

 woad produced the chief blue coloring matter for woolen 

 cloth. The introduction of indigo in the seventeenth 

 century destroyed this important industry, not without 



opposition. Dioscorides and Pliny mention both the 

 dyer's woad and indigo. 



tinctdria, Linn. Rather tall; glabrous or nearly so, 

 and glaucous: biennial, 1K~3 ft.: st.-lvs. lanceolate, 

 entire, sessile, somewhat arrow-shaped: fls. small, yel- 

 low, borne in early summer, on panicled racemes: 

 instead of a pod, opening lengthwise by valves, it has a 

 closed fr. like the samara of an ash, 1-celled, 1-sceded, 

 indehiscent, wing-like. S. E. Eu. and probably east- 

 ward; now widely naturalized in Eu. The cult, form 

 is sometimes distinguished as var saliva, DC., with 

 broad glabrous Ivs. 



glauca, Auch. Perennial, glaucous, the st. thick, 2-4 

 ft., and bearing a large panicle: Ivs. glabrous, entire, 

 the radical oblong and the cauline very small: fls. 

 yellow: pod about J^in. long, linear-oblong, obtuse or 

 truncate-retuse. Asia Minor, Persia. G.M. 47:492. 

 Offered abroad. 



I. Boissieridna, Reichb. Annual, 12 in.: basal Ivs. cuneate- 

 oblong, toothed; upper Ivs. entire, oblong: fls. yellow: pod pubes- 

 cent, various. Turkestan. T TT T> 



fSCHARUM: Biarum. 



ISCHNOSIPHON (name refers to the narrow corolla- 

 tube). Marantdcese. Upward of a dozen calathea-like 

 perennial herbs or bamboo-like plants of S. Amer., 

 belonging to that group of the family having 1-celled 

 rather than 3-celled ovary (and so differing from Cala- 

 thea and Phrynium, and agreeing with Ctenanthe and 

 Maranta, but differing from the last two in having a 

 solitary staminodium). Lvs. large, coriaceous or soft: 

 fls. geminate, in an elongated cylindrical spike; sepals 

 3, free, long-linear; corolla-tube narrow and much 

 elongated, the lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; 

 stamen-tube nearly obsolete; staminodium petal-like, 

 large, obovate: caps, elongated, very unequally 3- 

 valved, 1 valve dehiscent. Tall often branching plants 

 with leafy sts., very little, apparently, in cult. They 

 are treated as calatheas or marantas. I. leucophaeus, 

 Koern. (Maranta major and Calathea major, Hort.). 

 Two feet and more, nearly simple: basal Ivs. ovate or 

 oblong, acuminate, more or less cordate at base, farinose 

 beneath: racemes simple, about 6, slender; corolla 

 white or rose-colored, the tube upward of 1 in. long, the 

 lobes oblong-lanceolate. Panama to Brazil. I. bambu- 

 saceus, Koern. (Calathea bambusdcea, Poepp. & 

 Endl.). Bamboo-like, becoming 30 ft. or more tall, 

 much branched, with graceful shoots: Ivs. small (3-5 

 in. long), somewhat ovate-lanceolate, attenuate- 

 acuminate, green above and glaucous beneath: raceme 

 short and sessile, solitary or twin; corolla-lobes whitish 

 yellow, lanceolate, the tube exserted and about 1 in. 

 long. Peru. L, jj g 



ISLAND DEPENDENCIES, Horticulture in. The 



island dependencies of the United States comprise 

 territories in both Atlantic and Pacific waters. They 

 are all tropical, however, and therefore may be con- 

 sidered together horticulturally. The islands that call 

 for special treatment in this work are Porto Rico, 

 Hawaii, Philippines, Guam, and the American part of 

 the Samoan group (Tutuila). The inclusion of these 

 wide-scattered territories in this Cyclopedia brings in 

 the flora of the tropics, although it is intended to dis- 

 cuss, in the regular entries in the different volumes, only 

 the most important or outstanding species ; to endeavor 

 to comprise all cultivated plants that might find home 

 or lodgment in these islands would be to describe 

 practically all tropical subjects, and this would be far 

 too large an undertaking for a work of this character. 

 The geographical articles in this Cyclopedia are 

 gathered under three heads, British North America, 

 Island Dependencies, North American States. In the 

 last symposium will also be found an account of 

 Panama in its horticultural relations. All these arti- 

 cles should give the reader a comprehensive view of the 



