1726 



JUNIPERUS 



tion of juneberries, opportunities awaiting a man to 

 do the work. 



Juneberries are readily propagated from seeds and 

 no doubt all would yield to budding, grafting and to the 

 same treatment in the nursery given to apples and pears. 

 Some of the species would, no doubt, vex the souls of 

 cultivators by throwing up many suckers, but in gar- 

 den culture this could be remedied by working on a 



2022. Juneberry. A cultivated form, 

 probably a hybrid between Amelanchier 

 laevis and some other species. 



non-suckering stock. Juneberries are said to be easily 

 budded on the hawthorn. The suckers are commonly 

 used in propagating the species used as ornamentals. 

 The eleven species described under Amelanchier all 

 have horticultural possibilities well indicated in the 

 descriptions. The species giving greatest promise for 

 their fruits are A. alnifolia, A. laevis, A. sanguined, A. 

 stolonifera and A. humilis. To these should be added 

 A. canadensis as the most desirable juneberries for 

 ornamentals. U. P. HEDRICK. 



JUNIPERUS (ancient Latin name). Pinacese. JUNI- 

 PER. Ornamental trees and shrubs grown for their 

 foliage and habit. 



Evergreen, with the branchlets spreading in all 

 directions: Ivs. either all needle-shaped and in 3's, or 

 needle-shaped and scale-like, and usually opposite, 

 often found on the same plant, the needle-shaped Ivs. 

 prevailing on younger plants and vigorous branches, 

 the scale-like ones on older plants: fls. dioecious, rarely 

 monoecious; staminate yellow, consisting of numerous 

 anthers united into an ovoid or oblong catkin; pistil- 

 late greenish, minutely globular, with several bracts, 

 each or some bearing 1 or 2 ovules; the bracts become 

 fleshy and unite into a berry-like cone, usually wholly 

 inclosing the 1-6, rarely 12, seeds. The fr. ripens 

 either the first year, as in J. virginiana, or the second, 

 as in J . Sabina and most species, or in the third, as in 

 J. communis. About 40 species distributed throughout 

 the extra-tropical regions of the northern hemisphere, 

 in Amer. south to Mex. and W. India. Juniperus is 

 closely allied to Cupressus, and sometimes hard to dis- 

 tinguish without fr. ; but young plants with needle- 

 shaped Ivs. can be almost always told apart, since 

 Juniperus has whitish lines or marks on the upper 

 surface of the Ivs., while the similar juvenile forms of 



allied genera have the whitish marks beneath. Most 

 species are very variable, as well in habit as in the shape 

 of the Ivs., which renders the determination of an 

 unknown form, at least without fr., a rather difficult 

 task. 



The junipers vary greatly in habit from tall pyram- 

 idal trees to low prostrate or trailing shrubs, and have 

 small needle-shaped or scale-like foliage, insignificant 

 flowers and small berry-like fruits usually bluish black 

 and often glaucous, less often brown or orange. Many 

 of the species are hardy North, as J. virginiana, J. 

 scopulorum, J. communis, J. rigida, J. Sabina, J. 

 chinensis, J. Pseudo-sabina, J. sphgerica, J. squamata; 

 others are half-hardy, as J. Oxycedrus. J. macrocarpa, 

 J. recurva, J. excelsa, J. occidentalis, while some, as J. 

 procera, J. Lucayana, J. thurifera and the Mexican 

 species, can only be grown South. All are valuable 

 ornamental plants, and the erect-growing species, 

 mostly of pyramidal or columnar habit, are decora- 

 tive as single specimens on the lawn or if planted in 

 groups. Some varieties form a very narrow column, and 

 are valuable for formal gardens; the columnar form of 

 J. virginiana is a good substitute in the North for the 

 classical cypress. The low prostrate junipers, as J. 

 communis var. montana, J. horizontalis, J. Sabina, and 

 J. squamata, are well adapted for covering rocky 

 slopes or sandy banks. The close-grained, fragrant 

 wood is much used for the interior finish of houses and 

 in the manufacture of small articles, also for posts, 

 since it is very durable in the soil; that of J. virginiana 

 and J. Lucayana is in great demand for pencil-making. 

 The fruits and also the young branchlets of some species 

 contain an aromatic oil used in medicine. The fruit of 

 J. drupacea is edible. 



The junipers thrive best in sandy and loamy, moder- 

 ately moist soil, but grow well even in rather dry, 

 rocky and gravelly ground. They prefer sunny, open 

 situations. They are well adapted for hedges and for 

 planting as shelter or windbreaks; also for seaside 

 planting. Propagation is by seeds, which germinate 

 usually the second and sometimes the third year; to 

 hasten their germination, they may be plunged for 3 to 6 

 seconds in boiling water, but this should be regarded 

 as an experiment and tried only with a portion of 

 seed. They are also increased by cuttings of nearly 

 ripened wood in fall under glass, either outdoors or in 

 the greenhouse. As a rule, those with needle-shaped 

 leaves root much more easily than those with scale-like 

 leaves, and the latter are therefore mostly increased 

 by side-grafting during the winter in the greenhouse 

 on young potted plants of the typical form or an allied 

 species. The shrubby species, especially J. Sabina, are 

 also propagated by layers. 



INDEX. 



