1792 LANDSCAPE GARDENING 



LANDSCAPE GARDENING 



from this group at the southern extreme should be a 

 bold pine or oak, called Distance Tree. In the valley 

 formed by hill 1 and 2, and shaded by a group of trees 

 designed to produce the effect of profound solitude, 

 flows a rivulet which terminates in a cascade. The first 

 step of the falls which forms the cascade is high and nar- 



2084. Inadmissible plans for a city square. Page 1789. 



row and is arrested by "Torrent Breaking Stone" which 

 breaks it to form the second step of the cascade which is 

 broader but of lesser height. The upper falls represents 

 the male, and its consort, the lower cascade, the female 

 element. Above the falls should be an image of Fudo, 

 the presiding Buddhist deity of the waterfall, or a 

 representation of the image by a stone in the semblance 

 of a statue. To the left of the cascade should be the 

 Guardian Stone, the most prominent feature in the 

 garden. It should be a tall sentinel-shaped stone placed 

 so as to seem to guard the garden, and represents the 

 male element. Paired with it on the opposite side of the 

 cascade should , be the Cliff Stone, a lower stone over- 

 hanging the water, representing the female element. 



The Cascade Tree cunningly screens the waterfall 

 to produce the effect of indefinite 

 height. Minor trees and shrubs may 

 be added to assist in this illusion or 

 to conceal the water-supply. A short 

 cataract then carries the waters to 

 the lake which forms the central 

 feature of the garden. Around this 

 lake are winding walks and intersect- 

 ing mounds and hillocks sloping to 

 the water's edge, terminating in sandy 

 beaches, and interrupted by great 

 stone rocks or slabs and promontories, 

 often ornamented with granite lan- 

 terns or pagodas. The contour of the 

 lake is often an irregular triangle, 

 the base of which is at the Principal 

 View, adjacent to the dwelling. The 

 other two sides taper toward the cas- 

 cade which is at the apex of the 

 triangle in the south, simulating the 

 vanishing point in perspective. This 

 effect of artificial distance thus 

 created is further heightened by put- 

 ting the largest trees and garden 

 accessories in the immediate fore- 

 ground and arranging others so as to 

 decrease in size toward the distance. 



The art of stunting trees grew primarily from the 

 demand for dwarfed trees for use in producing artifi- 

 cial perspective and only secondarily from their use in 

 the miniature garden. Trees of different species are 

 grouped to contrast with each other, first, by form, 

 and second, by color, and are placed in valleys or lower 

 slopes of hills. The principal promontory 

 should be bold and prominent and jut 

 from one side of the lake so that a second- 

 ary view can be had of the garden only 

 next in importance to the primary view 

 at Perfect View Stone which is near the 

 house. The distant peninsulas or prom- 

 ontories diminish in size. Portions of 

 boundaries of the lake are so obliterated 

 by shrubs and stones as to give the im- 

 pression of indefinite extent, as if the 

 visible waters were part of a large sea or 

 chain of greater lakes. The base of the 

 hills is covered with evergreen bushes 

 clipped into spherical shapes interspersed 

 with related rocks. The outlet of the lake 

 should be in the west, to follow the law 

 of the garden, that the water-course must 

 follow the sun. Hill 3, which is a foothill 

 of hill 1, is usually placed in the west. In 

 the depression between the two should 

 be a grove intended to suggest the loca- 

 tion of a concealed hamlet. The principal 

 feature in the west of the garden is Set- 

 ting Sun Tree, generally a maple or other 

 tree of red foliage, so placed as to cast the 

 long shadows of the evening sun over the 

 lake. Other trees are Perfection Tree, 

 in the intermediate distance, of moderate height but 

 classical contour; Tree of Solitude, to give secluded 

 aspect to a portion of the garden; Outstretching Pine, 

 overhanging lake, and so on. Hill 4 may be placed at 

 the east to offset hill 3. Hill 5 is a slight elevation 

 at the base of the garden to the north, on which 

 Perfect View Stone is generally placed, and from which 

 point the best view of the garden picture may be 

 had. Near it may be placed Worshipping Stone, or 

 it may be placed on an island. Moon Shadow Stone 

 should be in the group of trees dedicated to solitude. 

 Other stones are Snail Stone, the largest of the stepping 

 stones, Idle Stone, Water Tray Stone, Stone of Two 

 Deities, and the like. 



Correctly speaking, two islands should decorate the 



2085. Parts in Japanese garden design. 



