LIGULARIA 



LIGUSTRUM 



1859 



Lindl. F. maculatum, Hort.). LEOPARD PLANT. Fig. 

 2149. Differs in having the Ivs. blotched with yellow or 

 white and sometimes with light rose. B.M. 5302. The 

 variety aureo-'maculatus is the only form in general cult. 

 It was intro. to England in 1856 "from the garden of a 

 mandarin in the north of China" by Fortune. Years 

 ago this was a common plant in conservatories and 

 window-gardens, but of late years it has been neglected. 

 It is, however, a most worthy plant, not only for the 

 house but for bedding in the open in shady places. The 

 plant is hardy as far north as Washington when set 

 permanently in the open. One form has yellow-spotted 

 Ivs. (the commoner) and another has white-spotted Ivs. 

 Another form (var. argenteus) has Ivs. glaucous-green 

 edged with creamy white. Easily prop, by division. 



japonica, Less. (Arnica japonica, Thunb. Senecio 

 japonicus, Schultz. Erythrochzete palmatifida, Sieb. & 

 Zucc.). Strong perennial herb, growing 5 ft. high (said 

 to reach 15 ft. in S. Japan), and grown for its massive 

 foliage effect: radical Ivs. very large, 1 ft. or more 

 across, deeply palmately cut into 7-11 narrow-lobed 

 and notched divisions: fl.-sts. branched, bearing heads 

 on rather long, naked sts.; rays orange, spreading, 3 

 in. from tip to tip. Japan. Summer. Gn. 22, p. 139. 

 J.H. III. 54:276. Intro, into this country about 

 twenty-five to thirty years ago. It is a bold plant, 

 hardy in N. Y., and well adapted to planting where 

 strong foliage effects are desired, provided the place 

 is moist. 



sibirica, Cass. (Cineraria siblrica, Linn. Senkcio 

 sibiricus, Clarke. Ligularia racemosa, DC. Senecio 

 Ligularia, Hook. f.). Very variable, native from 

 France to Japan: stout and erect, 3 to 4 ft.: Ivs. to 1 ft. 

 across, somewhat triangular to reniform or cordate- 

 sagittate in outline, the basal sinus sometimes deep and 

 sometimes shallow, obtuse or acute, the margin coarsely 

 toothed, the petiole of the st.-lvs. winged and sheathing: 

 heads many, each many-fld., somewhat secund in a 

 terminal raceme; bracts of involucre 8-10; rays or 

 ligules yellow, very long (J^-Min.); pappus reddish. 

 May be planted in the herbary. Said to be a showy 

 marsh plant. 



macrophylla, DC. (Senecio Ledebourii, Schultz). 

 Stout and erect, 3-6 ft. : Ivs. very large, elliptic or oval- 

 oblong, not sagittate or cordate at base, strongly toothed, 

 long-petioled, sometimes 2 ft. long with petiole, those 

 on the st. more or less clasping: heads yellow, in a long 

 dense terminal spike or crowded panicle. Caucasus. 

 A striking and vigorous perennial. See Senecio, for 

 another entry of this species. L jj g 



LlGUSTICUM (Latin, referring to the ancient prov- 

 ince of Liguria) . UmbelUferse. This includes a native 

 hardy herb suitable for naturalizing with aquatics and 

 bog-plants; offered by dealers in native plants. The 

 ligusticums are glabrous perennials, with aromatic 

 roots, large ternately compound Ivs., mostly no involu- 

 cre, involucels of narrow bractlets and white fls. in 

 large, many-rayed umbels: fr. oblong or ovate, flat- 

 tened laterally or not at all; oil-tubes 2-6. Species 

 about 20, in the northern hemisphere, of no horticul- 

 tural prominence. 



canadense, Brit. (Ferula canadensis Linn. L. actsei- 

 folium, Auth.). St. stout, 3-6 ft., branched above: Ivs. 

 3-4-ternate; Ifts. 2-5 in. long, coarsely serrate, broadly 

 oblong : umbels 10-20-rayed : fruiting rays 1-2 in. long. 

 July, Aug. Rich ground, S. Pa. to Ga. and Ala. 



WILHELM MILLER. 



LIGUSTRUM (ancient Latin name). Including Vis- 

 iania. Oleacese. PRIVET. PRIM. Ornamental woody 

 plants grown chiefly for their handsome foliage and the 

 profusely produced white flowers; some species are 

 excellent hedge plants. 



Deciduous or evergreen shrubs, rarely trees: Ivs. 



opposite, short-petioled, entire, without stipules: fls. 

 perfect, in terminal panicles; calyx campanulate, 

 obscurely 4-toothed; corolla funnel-shaped, with 

 mostly rather short tube and with 4 spreading lobes; 

 stamens 2: fr. a 1-4-seeded berry-like drupe. About 

 50 species, chiefly in E. Asia and Himalayas, distributed 

 south to Austral., one in Eu. and N. Afr. 



The privets are much-branched shrubs or rarely 

 small trees with usually medium-sized leaves and with 

 large or small panicles of small, white, usually fragrant 

 flowers followed by small black, or in some varieties 



2150. Common method of making privet hedge. 

 (Scale Jiin. to 1 ft.) 



greenish or yellowish white, berry-like fruits, often 

 remaining on the branches through the whole winter. 

 Some deciduous species, as L, vulgare, L. Ibota, L. 

 acuminatum, and L. amurense, are hardy North, while 

 others, like L. ovalifolium, L. sinense and L. Quihoui, 

 can not be considered quite hardy north of Long 

 Island. The evergreen species are only half-hardy or 

 tender, but L. japonicum may be grown as far north as 

 Philadelphia. They are all very valuable for shrub- 

 beries, with their clean, dark green foliage, which is 

 rarely attacked by insects and keeps its green color 

 mostly unchanged until late in fall, though L. acumina- 

 tum sheds the leaves rather early and L. Ibota and some- 

 times L. ovalifolium assume a pretty purplish hue; in 

 mild winters some of the deciduous species hold part of 

 their foliage until almost spring. L. vulgare, L. ovali- 

 folium and others stand dust and smoke well and are 

 valuable for planting in cities. L. ovalifolium is one of 

 best shrubs for seaside planting, growing well in the 

 very spray of the salt-water (known as California 

 privet). Some are handsome in bloom, especially L. 

 sinense, L. Massalongianum, L. Ibota, L. japonicum, L. 

 lucidum and most of the other evergreen species; all 

 are conspicuous in autumn and winter from the black 

 berries, or in some varieties of L. vulgare, whitish, 

 greenish or yellowish. L. vulgare, L. ovalifolium and 

 L. amurense are well adapted for ornamental hedges; 

 also L. sinense is used as a hedge plant, particularly in 

 the South. The privets grow in almost any kind of 

 soil, and even in rather dry situations and under the 

 shade and drip of trees. Propagate by seeds sown in 

 fall or stratified, sometimes not germinating until the 

 second year; usually increased by cuttings of hard- 

 wood or by greenwood cuttings in summer under glass; 

 varieties are sometimes grafted on L. vulgare or L. 

 ovalifolium. 



California privet for hedges. (Henry Hicks.) 



First method. Cuttings 8 to 14 inches of one-year 

 wood are made in fall or winter, preferably the former, 

 as they are occasionally damaged by the winter, even 

 as far south as Alabama. These are tied in bundles 

 and buried during winter. In the spring they are stuck 

 in rows 2 to 6 inches by 2 to 3 % feet, and kept cultiva- 

 ted. They are sold at one year, when 1 to 2> feet 

 high, or at two years, when 2 to 4 feet high. If not 

 sold at two years the plants are sometimes cut back to 

 3 inches to sprout again. They are dug by spade or 

 tree-digger. These closely grown plants will make a 



