MACADAMIA 



MACHINERY 



1939 



clavate at end, stigma small; ovules 2: fr. globular; seeds 

 either solitary and globular or 2 and hemispherical; 

 testa membranous. 



ternifolia, F. Muell. QUEENSLAND NUT. Fig. 2241. 

 In its typical form this is a tall tree, with dense foliage, 

 the young branches and infl. minutely pubescent: Ivs. 

 sessile or nearly so, glabrous and shining, in whorls of 

 3 or 4, oblong or lanceolate, acute or obtuse, serrate or 

 entire, from a few inches to 1 ft. long: racemes almost 

 as long as the Ivs.; perianth minutely pubescent or 

 glabrous; ovary villous, style end clavate: fr. with a 2- 

 valved leathery exocarp, endocarp smooth and shining, 

 thick and very hard; seeds 1 and globular or 2 and hemi- 

 spherical. Queensland and New S. Wales. G.C. 1870: 

 1181. Other species are M. Whelanii, Bailey, Queens- 

 land, a medium-sized tree; M. predlta, Bailey, Queens- 

 land, sometimes lofty, wood of reddish color, useful 

 for cabinet-work, as is that of nearly all species; M. 

 Lbwii, Bailey, Queensland, the Maroochie nut, tree 15- 

 20 ft. high, forming 6-20 woody sts. from a hard, 

 spreading rhizome, and with a pointed, ribbed fr. about 

 1 in. diam., edible; M. minor, Bailey, Queensland, the 

 small-fruited Queensland nut, small tree or large shrub, 

 sending up numerous sts. from base, Ivs. up to 2 in. 

 long, fr. up to 1 in. diam., velvety outside, sometimes 

 inversely conical in form, edible. The Queensland nut 

 is cult, to a small extent in S. Calif, and S. Fla., and has 

 recently fruited in Cuba, where it appears to thrive. It 

 is slow in growth, rarely coming into bearing before 6-8 

 years of age, and delights in a deep rich loamy soil, 

 containing plenty of moisture. It has succeeded in 

 Calif., however, with very little water, though its 

 growth under such conditions is naturally slower. Sev- 

 eral distinct forms of the tree are thought to exist, 

 but the typical one is upright, sometimes 50 ft. in 

 height, with a clean trunk and a deep green umbra- 

 geous head of foliage. The nuts are about 1 in. diam., 

 with a hard shell about J/gin. thick, which is rather 

 difficult to crack. The kernel is %in. or more in diam., 

 white, crisp, and of a flavor resembling that of the 

 Brazil nut (Berthottetia excelsa) but milder and more 

 delicate. The tree is evergreen, and even while young 

 withstands slight frosts (perhaps 26 F.) uninjured. 

 For its ornamental appearance alone it is worthy of a 

 place in parks and gardens. Its close-grained reddish 

 timber is considered of value for cabinet-making. Prop, 

 is usually by seeds, which may be stratified in sand or 

 planted singly in pots of light, porous, sandy soil. If 

 planted during the summer or if artificial heat is pro- 

 vided they will usually germinate within a month or 6 

 weeks; otherwise they may take a long time. When the 

 seedlings make their appearance water should be given 

 sparingly, as they are likely to damp-off if kept too 

 wet. Plants may be set out in the open ground when 

 about 18 in. high, and should be staked to keep them 

 shapely. Practically no pruning is required. A promis- 

 ing tree for intro. into the American tropics and the 

 warmest parts of the U. S. p yf POPENOE 



MACARANGA (the Madagascar name). Euphorbia- 

 cese. Trees or shrubs, rarely cult, in greenhouses or in 

 tropical lands. Lvs. alternate, simple, entire, palmately 

 nerved, peltate: fls. dioecious or monoecious, incon- 

 spicuous, apetalous; calyx valvate; anthers 3-4-celled; 

 styles free, short, undivided; ovary 1-3-celled, 1 ovule 

 in each cell. Species more than 100 in the Old World 

 tropics. Related to Mallotus and Mercurialis. Prop, 

 and cult, similar to codieum. M. Porteana, Andre 

 (Mdppa Porteana, Hort.), of Philippine Isls. A very 

 striking plant, with orbicular-ovate, strongly ribbed 

 Ivs. nearly 3 ft. wide, and small fls. in red panicles, is in 

 cult. inEu. R.H. 1888, p. 176. G.C. III. 16:284. B.M. 

 7407. M. kilimandschdrica, Pax, resembles M . Porteana 

 in habit, but is smaller, with peltate Ivs., bronze-col- 

 ored when young. German E. Afr. The other species 

 appear not to be in cult. j. B . S . NO R TON . 



MACFADYENA (Dr. J. Macfadyen, author of a 

 flora of Jamaica). Bignoniacese. As defined by Ben- 

 tham & Hooker, 21 species of tall-climbing shrubs in 

 Trop. Amer. and extra-Trop. S. Amer., including 

 Dolichandra; as defined by Schumann in Engler & 

 Prantl, 3 species in S. Amer., excluding Dolichandra 

 and others. The plant in the trade (offered in S. Calif.) 

 is M. cynanchoides, Morong (or Dolichandra cynan- 

 choides, Cham.). It is a glabrous liana of S. Brazil 

 and Argentina: branches slender and terete: Ivs. 

 opposite, of 2 oblong, ovate or ovate-lanceolate acute 

 entire Ifts. and usually a 3-parted tendril at end: fls. 

 single or few on the peduncle, red; calyx cut to the 

 middle, spathaceous; corolla long, tubular (2J4 in. 

 long); stamens 5, one being a rudiment, exserted: 

 stigma exserted: fr. a caps. 3 in. long and %in. wide. 



M. dentata, Schum. (Bignonia Fraseri, Hort. B. Tweediana, 

 Griseb., not Lindl. M. Tweediana, Griseb.). A strong climber, 

 self -clinging, with 3-forked tendrils: Ifts. 2, ovate to ovate-oblong, 

 short-acuminate, dentate, lepidote on both sides, glossy above, 1 J- 

 2*4 in. long: fls. axillary, solitary; calyx split; corolla tubular- 

 funnelform, yellow, 2% in. long, outside lepidote; ovary. lepidote: 

 caps, linear, 7-12 in. long. Brazil to Argentina. Intro, in S. Calif. 



L. H. B 



MACHJSRITJM TIPU: Tipuana speciosa. 



MACHINERY AND IMPLEMENTS. The Ameri- 

 can farmer is known by his tools and machinery. Labor 

 costs much and land relatively little. The American is 

 inventive. The result is that there is a tool to expedite 

 and lighten almost every labor. The effort of each man 

 is multiplied. Not only are the American tools numer- 

 ous and adapted to almost every agricultural labor, but 

 they are trim, light and comely in design. 



A tool is properly a hand implement, used to facili- 

 tate mere manual labor. A machine is a contrivance, 

 usually more elaborate, that multiplies and transmits 

 power or motion. Yet tools and machines merge so 

 completely that it is impossible to make a definite cate- 

 gory of one or the other. The word implement is more 

 generic, and applies to any intermediary device by 

 means of which a man accomplishes a given work. 

 The phrase "agricultural implements," as used by 

 tradesmen, usually refers to both tools and machines. 

 In general discussions the word tool is used somewhat 

 indefinitely, as in this sketch ; but even then it does not 

 include complicated machinery. 



The machines and tools used by horticulturists may 

 be thrown into five general categories: 



1. To till the land, as plows, harrows, rollers, culti- 

 vators, weeders, hoes, rakes. See Tillage. 



2. To facilitate various handwork, as seed-sowers, 

 transplanters, markers, pruning implements, and most 

 greenhouse devices. 



3. To facilitate the destruction of insects and fungi, 

 as fumigators, syringes, spraying devices. See Diseases 

 and Insects, Vol. II. 



4. To transport, as carts, barrows. 



5. To aid in packing and sorting. See article on 

 Packing. 



In the multiplicity of tools, one is often at a loss what 

 to purchase. The buyer should have a definite idea of 

 the kind of labor that he needs to have performed and 

 he should then consider how well adapted the tool may 

 be to perform it. Once purchased, the tools should be 

 cared for. A tool-shed or -room is the greatest conveni- 

 ence and often good economy. Labor is expedited and 

 annoyance saved if each tool has its place. Every 

 farm or garden should be provided with a room that 

 can be warmed in cold weather, in which repairs can 

 be made on machinery and implements. No farm 

 establishment is complete without such a room. The 

 care of tools not only contributes to the longevity and 

 usefulness of the implements themselves, but it sets dis- 

 tinct ideals before the farmer and thereby is a means of 

 educating him. The greater the variety and the better 

 the quality of the tools the more alert the user of them 



